{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:31:43Z","timestamp":1789497103011,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is one of the most common diseases characterized by neurodegeneration and is becoming a major public health problem worldwide. AD is manifested mainly by progressive impairments in cognition, emotion, language and memory in the elderly population. Many treatment strategies have been explored for decades; however, there is still no effective way to address the root cause of AD pathogenesis, only to target symptoms to improve patient cognitive outcomes. Intracerebral administration is difficult because of the challenges posed by the blood\u2012brain barrier (BBB). NPs are materials with sizes between 1 and 100\u00a0nm that can improve biocompatibility, extend the half-life, transport macromolecules, be delivered across the BBB to the central nervous system, and exhibit good targeting capabilities. NPs can provide new ideas for the treatment of AD in terms of their antiaging, antineuroinflammatory, antioxidative, and nerve repair-promoting effects. In this manuscript, we first describe the relationship between AD and the BBB. Second, we introduce the application of nanoparticles for AD treatment. Finally, we summarize the challenges faced by nanoparticles in the treatment of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1510798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T01:45:11Z","timestamp":1743644711000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Engineered nanoparticles for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-023-00525-6","article-title":"Myco-fabricated ZnO nanoparticles ameliorate neurotoxicity in mice model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease via acetylcholinesterase inhibition and oxidative stress reduction","volume":"36","author":"Abd Elmonem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8605","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TB01023F","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory role of gold nanoparticles in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Aili","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16288","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216288","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: mechanisms and targeted strategies","volume":"24","author":"Alkhalifa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2015.1069815","article-title":"Intranasal gene delivery for treating Parkinson\u2019s disease: overcoming the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"12","author":"Aly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101619","article-title":"Oxidative stress: the core pathogenesis and mechanism of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"77","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6794","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b01994","article-title":"Simultaneous blood\u2013brain barrier crossing and protection for stroke treatment based on edaravone-loaded ceria nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Bao","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3028","article-title":"The toxic A\u03b2 oligomer and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an emperor in need of clothes","volume":"15","author":"Benilova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114139","article-title":"Recent advances in nanoenzymes for Alzheimer\u2019s disease treatment","volume":"244","author":"Bi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4283","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4814-07.2008","article-title":"Dynamics of the microglial\/amyloid interaction indicate a role in plaque maintenance","volume":"28","author":"Bolmont","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-013-0161-z","article-title":"Role of chemokine CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"36","author":"Bose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13900","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241813900","article-title":"Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: beyond symptomatic therapies","volume":"24","author":"Buccellato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170543","article-title":"Oxidative stress, amyloid-\u03b2 peptide, and altered key molecular pathways in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"62","author":"Butterfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6747","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42596-6","article-title":"Plasma biomarkers predict Alzheimer\u2019s disease before clinical onset in Chinese cohorts","volume":"14","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0314-9","article-title":"Elimination of senescent cells by \u03b2-galactosidase-targeted prodrug attenuates inflammation and restores physical function in aged mice","volume":"30","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03737-w","article-title":"Promoting Alzheimer\u2019s disease research and therapy with stem cell technology","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. and Ther."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.05.028","article-title":"Hybrid cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: a multifunctional biomimetic platform for cancer diagnosis and therapy","volume":"112","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5678","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b02089","article-title":"Acid-resistant mesoporous metal\u2013organic framework toward oral insulin delivery: protein encapsulation, protection, and release","volume":"140","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1039\/c9bm01395d","article-title":"Biomimetic drug-delivery systems for the management of brain diseases","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1172\/jci90609","article-title":"CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration","volume":"127","author":"Chitnis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-023-01938-w","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: novel targets and investigational drugs for disease modification","volume":"83","author":"Cummings","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.056","article-title":"The cellular phase of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"164","author":"De Strooper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.203201","article-title":"Systematic identification of novel protein domain families associated with nuclear functions","volume":"12","author":"Doerks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3332","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14123332","article-title":"Action mechanisms of curcumin in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and its brain targeted delivery","volume":"14","author":"Ege","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. (Basel)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.08.008","article-title":"Exosomes for targeted siRNA delivery across biological barriers","volume":"65","author":"El Andaloussi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2024.04.004","article-title":"Polymeric nanoparticles: a promising strategy for treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Elmahboub","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110318","article-title":"Extracellular biosynthesis of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles by Monascus purpureus and their antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial activities: yield enhancement by gamma irradiation","volume":"107","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater Sci. Eng. C Mater Biol. Appl."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-023-01546-7","article-title":"Bifunctional role of some biogenic nanoparticles in controlling wilt disease and promoting growth of common bean","volume":"13","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Amb. Express"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-013-8620-6","article-title":"Phagocytosis of microglia in the central nervous system diseases","volume":"49","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7441","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.S436774","article-title":"Biomembrane-derived nanoparticles in Alzheimer\u2019s disease therapy: a comprehensive review of synthetic lipid nanoparticles and natural cell-derived vesicles","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00121-8","article-title":"Strategies for targeting senescent cells in human disease","volume":"1","author":"Gasek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabb1206","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abb1206","article-title":"An epoxide hydrolase inhibitor reduces neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"12","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050651","article-title":"Vascular dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a prelude to the pathological process or a consequence of it?","volume":"8","author":"Govindpani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30440-3","article-title":"New insights into atypical Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the era of biomarkers","volume":"20","author":"Graff-Radford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23111-1","article-title":"Transcriptional signature in microglia associated with A\u03b2 plaque phagocytosis","volume":"12","author":"Grubman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6797","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.S434873","article-title":"Functionalized cerium dioxide nanoparticles with antioxidative neuroprotection for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2006357","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202006357","article-title":"A nanoformulation-mediated multifunctional stem cell therapy with improved beta-amyloid clearance and neural regeneration for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.10.008","article-title":"Depression in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: epidemiology, mechanisms, and treatment","volume":"95","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-022-01408-8","article-title":"Harnessing endophytic fungi for biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles and exploring their bioactivities","volume":"12","author":"Hussein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Amb. Express"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.07.014","article-title":"Emerging roles of oxidative stress in brain aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"107","author":"Ionescu-Tucker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-01915-3","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier: approaches and challenges","volume":"29","author":"Iqbal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/72237","article-title":"Identification of the major Abeta1-42-degrading catabolic pathway in brain parenchyma: suppression leads to biochemical and pathological deposition","volume":"6","author":"Iwata","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2308574","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202308574","article-title":"SSK1-Loaded neurotransmitter-derived nanoparticles for Alzheimer\u2019s disease therapy via clearance of senescent cells","volume":"20","author":"Ji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207719","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202207719","article-title":"A therapeutic nanovaccine that generates anti-amyloid antibodies and amyloid-specific regulatory T cells for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Jung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-019-00205-y","article-title":"Brown adipocyte and splenocyte Co-culture maintains regulatory T cell subset in intermittent hypobaric conditions","volume":"16","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10010059","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of quercetin in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.07.025","article-title":"Naringenin ameliorates Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD)-type neurodegeneration with cognitive impairment (AD-TNDCI) caused by the intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin in rat model","volume":"61","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.S128396","article-title":"Wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated liposomes incorporated with cardiolipin to improve neuronal survival in Alzheimer\u2019s disease treatment","volume":"12","author":"Kuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031851","article-title":"A review of the common neurodegenerative disorders: current therapeutic approaches and the potential role of nanotherapeutics","volume":"23","author":"Lamptey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13439","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Lane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurology"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2024.115219","article-title":"Interactions between nanoparticles and pathological changes of vascular in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"207","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53177","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c08756","article-title":"Enhanced nose-to-brain delivery of combined small interfering RNAs using lesion-recognizing nanoparticles for the synergistic therapy of alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. and Interfaces"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.125112","article-title":"Biofilm-modified Prussian blue improves memory function in late-stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease mice with triple therapy","volume":"670","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2306675","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202306675","article-title":"Hybrid membrane-coated nanoparticles for precise targeting and synergistic therapy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Ger.)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102199","article-title":"Recent trends in treatment strategies for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and the challenges: a topical advancement","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112435","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1112435","article-title":"Nanoparticles loaded with natural medicines for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.01.018","article-title":"Photoresponsive materials for intensified modulation of Alzheimer\u2019s amyloid-\u03b2 protein aggregation: a review","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-230098","article-title":"Applications of nanoparticles in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"96","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-024-00397-x","article-title":"The interaction between ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: insights from the hallmarks of ageing","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.01.024","article-title":"Mechanisms of sex differences in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"112","author":"Lopez-Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25416","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025416","article-title":"Inducing autophagy by rapamycin before, but not after, the formation of plaques and tangles ameliorates cognitive deficits","volume":"6","author":"Majumder","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666161226151011","article-title":"Targeted nanoparticles for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Mart\u00edn-Rapun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12071001","article-title":"Comparison of tau and amyloid-\u03b2 targeted immunotherapy nanoparticles for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Mashal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32616","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032616","article-title":"Curcumin loaded-PLGA nanoparticles conjugated with Tet-1 peptide for potential use in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Mathew","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2024.109941","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome signalling in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"252","author":"McManus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.190","article-title":"In vitro neuroprotective effects of naringenin nanoemulsion against \u03b2-amyloid toxicity through the regulation of amyloidogenesis and tau phosphorylation","volume":"118","author":"Md","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.04.029","article-title":"Reduced glutathione is highly expressed in white matter and neurons in the unperturbed mouse brain--implications for oxidative stress associated with neurodegeneration","volume":"1276","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120752","article-title":"Naringenin: a potential flavonoid phytochemical for cancer therapy","volume":"305","author":"Motallebi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0779-0","article-title":"Resveratrol regulates neuro-inflammation and induces adaptive immunity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Moussa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9810","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703137104","article-title":"Liposomal vaccines with conformation-specific amyloid peptide antigens define immune response and efficacy in APP transgenic mice","volume":"104","author":"Muhs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.1632","article-title":"Performance of fully automated plasma assays as screening tests for alzheimer disease\u2013related \u03b2-amyloid status","volume":"76","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13954","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213954","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: treatment strategies and their limitations","volume":"23","author":"Passeri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186x.2019.1630415","article-title":"Gene therapy for neurological disorders: challenges and recent advancements","volume":"28","author":"Pena","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Target"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0468-3","article-title":"Modeling Alzheimer\u2019s disease with iPSC-derived brain cells","volume":"25","author":"Penney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16049","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16049","article-title":"Anti-amyloid antibody treatments for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Perneczky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105217","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s-associated PU.1 expression levels regulate microglial inflammatory response","volume":"148","author":"Pimenova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-024-01389-6","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: from early pathogenesis to novel therapeutic approaches","volume":"39","author":"Prajapati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102309","article-title":"Mechanistic insights and emerging therapeutic stratagems for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"97","author":"Rajendran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160612","article-title":"Amyloid-beta and phosphorylated tau accumulations cause abnormalities at synapses of Alzheimer\u2019s disease neurons","volume":"57","author":"Rajmohan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Dis."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309225","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202309225","article-title":"Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of anti-PU.1 siRNA via localized intracisternal administration reduces neuroinflammation","volume":"36","author":"Ralvenius","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.04.015","article-title":"Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: a pharmaceutical perspective","volume":"113","author":"Ratnam","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2010.11.033","article-title":"Neurotherapeutic applications of nanoparticles in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"152","author":"Sahni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)32205-4","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"397","author":"Scheltens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171008","article-title":"Loss in PKC epsilon causes downregulation of MnSOD and BDNF expression in neurons of Alzheimer\u2019s disease Hippocampus","volume":"63","author":"Sen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-024-00715-x","article-title":"Rejuvenating aged microglia by p16(ink4a)-siRNA-loaded nanoparticles increases amyloid-\u03b2 clearance in animal models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Shin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2018-0054","article-title":"p38 siRNA-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles alleviate neuropathic pain behavior in rats by inhibiting microglia activation","volume":"13","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine (Lond)"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02565-0","article-title":"Astrocytic and microglial cells as the modulators of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2008.07.004","article-title":"Biodistribution of colloidal gold nanoparticles after intravenous administration: effect of particle size","volume":"66","author":"Sonavane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.08.052","article-title":"Design of PLGA-functionalized quercetin nanoparticles for potential use in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"148","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-022-01721-1","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: current progress in molecular signaling and therapeutics","volume":"46","author":"Thakur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2015.07.007","article-title":"The \u201cfate\u201d of polymeric and lipid nanoparticles for brain delivery and targeting: strategies and mechanism of blood\u2013brain barrier crossing and trafficking into the central nervous system","volume":"32","author":"Tosi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812340","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.812340","article-title":"Reverse adverse immune microenvironments by biomaterials enhance the repair of spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.02.034","article-title":"Versatile nanomaterials for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: pathogenesis inspired disease-modifying therapy","volume":"345","author":"Xi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051606","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1051606","article-title":"Biomaterials delivery strategies to repair degenerated intervertebral discs by regulating the inflammatory microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Xia","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20417314221143059","DOI":"10.1177\/20417314221143059","article-title":"Biomaterials delivery strategies to repair spinal cord injury by modulating macrophage phenotypes","volume":"13","author":"Xia","year":"","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141601","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1141601","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of spinal cord injury: mechanisms, current advances and future challenges","volume":"14","author":"Xia","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2022.994265","article-title":"Application of chitosan-based materials in surgical or postoperative hemostasis","volume":"9","author":"Xia","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120160","article-title":"MOF-encapsulated nanozyme enhanced siRNA combo: control neural stem cell differentiation and ameliorate cognitive impairments in Alzheimer\u2019s disease model","volume":"255","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7835","DOI":"10.1039\/d1tb01290h","article-title":"A diselenide bond-containing ROS-responsive ruthenium nanoplatform delivers nerve growth factor for Alzheimer\u2019s disease management by repairing and promoting neuron regeneration","volume":"9","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater Chem. B"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2024.04.004","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier biomarkers","volume":"121","author":"Zapata-Acevedo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.24976\/Discov.Med.202335178.71","article-title":"Etiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5860","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b12070","article-title":"Prussian blue nanoparticles as multienzyme mimetics and reactive oxygen species scavengers","volume":"138","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003937","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202003937","article-title":"Development of polymeric nanoparticles for blood\u2013brain barrier transfer\u2014strategies and challenges","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.294","article-title":"Targeting autophagy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: animal models and mechanisms","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zool. Res."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121690","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier Permeable nanoparticles for Alzheimer\u2019s disease treatment by selective mitophagy of microglia","volume":"288","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4657","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134657","article-title":"Nanotoxicology and nanosafety: safety-by-design and testing at a glance","volume":"17","author":"Zieli\u0144ska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.01.003","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier in health and chronic neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"57","author":"Zlokovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000416","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202000416","article-title":"Single siRNA nanocapsules for effective siRNA brain delivery and glioblastoma treatment","volume":"32","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1510798\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T01:45:12Z","timestamp":1743644712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1510798\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2025.1510798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1510798","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"article-number":"1510798"}}