{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T01:01:08Z","timestamp":1755219668182,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) is used as a solvent in the dye, leather, and acrylic manufacturing industries. However, it is associated with significant risks of liver and nerve damage. 4,4\u2019-Diaminodiphenyl ether (4,4\u2019-ODA) is a crucial precursor for synthesizing curing agents and dyes but can disrupt the methemoglobin reduction system, resulting in methemoglobinemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper reports an incident involving a plant pipeline leak on May 10, 2024, which primarily contained a DMAC solution and trace amounts of 4,4\u2019-ODA. The patient\u2019s occupational history, onset time of clinical symptoms, physical examination results, laboratory data, and treatment course were analyzed, and follow-up evaluation was performed to monitor the patient\u2019s long-term health status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two patients exhibited clinical symptoms, including respiratory failure, methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia, and acute liver injury due to dermal and respiratory exposure. They were successfully treated and discharged. Notably, Patient 1 was diagnosed with toxic encephalopathy 16 days post-exposure, while Patient 2 developed peripheral neuropathy 58 days post-exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to elucidate the clinical characteristics associated with this type of poisoning. Moreover, the incident calls for enhanced safety measures in industries using DMAC and 4,4\u2019-ODA to prevent similar poisoning events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1514565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T05:21:28Z","timestamp":1753766488000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An occupational pipe leak poisoning"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiangxing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianzi","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengdi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qilu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e893","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002397","article-title":"The association between dimethylacetamide exposure and liver toxicity: a large retrospective analysis in workers from four European factories","volume":"63","author":"Antoniou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1991.tb03481.x","article-title":"An investigation into the haematological toxicity of structural analogues of dapsone in-vivo and in-vitro","volume":"43","author":"Coleman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15273","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015273","article-title":"The clinical and pathological features of toxic encephalopathy caused by occupational 1,2-dichloroethane exposure","volume":"98","author":"Dang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Baltim."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.33314\/jnhrc.v18i4.2582","article-title":"Acute acquired methemoglobinemia following nitrobenzene poisoning","volume":"18","author":"Dhungel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nepal Health Res. Counc."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587801500508","article-title":"The goitrogenic effect of 4,4'-oxydianiline in rats and mice","volume":"15","author":"Hayden","year":"1978","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26340","article-title":"Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of methemoglobinemia","volume":"96","author":"Iolascon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10201","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i28.10201","article-title":"Clinical analysis of pipeline dredging agent poisoning: a case report","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3967\/bes2016.018","article-title":"Dimethylacetamide-induced hepatic injury in vitro: mechanism and potential preventive strategy","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bioassay of 4,4'-Oxydianiline for possible carcinogenicity (CAS no. 101-80-4)","volume":"205","year":"1980","journal-title":"Natl. Toxicol. Program Tech. Rep. Ser."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"uiaf010","DOI":"10.1093\/JOCCUH\/uiaf010","article-title":"Health risks of N,N -dimethylacetamide (DMAC) in humans","volume":"67","author":"Nomiyama","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.10.746","article-title":"Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to N,N-Dimethylacetamide with identification of a new metabolite","volume":"60","author":"Perbellini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1021\/tx9701642","article-title":"Hemoglobin binding of bicyclic aromatic amines","volume":"11","author":"Sabbioni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-009-0952-x","article-title":"Severe hemolysis and methemoglobinemia following fava beans ingestion in glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase deficiency: case report and literature review","volume":"168","author":"Schuurman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942003","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.942003","article-title":"Methemoglobinemia and delayed encephalopathy after 5-Bromo-2-Nitropyridine poisoning: a rare case report","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2013.12.035","article-title":"4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether derivatives: synthesis, spectral, optical, thermal characterization and in-vitro cytotoxicity against Hep 3B and IMR 32 human cell lines","volume":"74","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/1354750X.2017.1360942","article-title":"Correlation between CAT polymorphism and susceptibility to DMAc-induced abnormal liver function: a case-control study of Chinese population","volume":"23","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1081\/clt-100100953","article-title":"Dimethylacetamide, ethylenediamine, and diphenylmethane diisocyanate poisoning manifest as acute psychosis and pulmonary edema: treatment with hemoperfusion","volume":"38","author":"Su","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.2478\/jomb-2018-0040","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 as biomarkers of impaired lung functions in dimethylacetamide exposure","volume":"38","author":"Tutkun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Biochem."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcz282","article-title":"Dimethylacetamide-induced toxic hepatitis in spandex workers: clinical presentation and treatment outcomes","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"QJM."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2022.2062375","article-title":"Two cases of methaemoglobinaemia and haemolysis due to poisoning after skin absorption of 4-chloro-1-nitrobenzene","volume":"60","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol. (Phila)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1514565\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T07:25:46Z","timestamp":1754551546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1514565\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2025.1514565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1514565","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1663-9812"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"article-number":"1514565"}}