{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:36:32Z","timestamp":1773297392699,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the current era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we were interested in searching for medications other than the currently available antiviral drugs Paxlovid and Molnupiravir that cause minimal side effects and do not harm the human body. Honeysuckle extract (HSE) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been shown to exert antiviral effects in other studies. However, no studies have indicated whether HSE has an inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We prepared HSEs from dried honeysuckle flowers. We performed a cell viability assay, median tissue culture infection dose (TCID<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) assay, and qRT\u2012PCR, and calculated the virus titers using the Reed-Muench method to evaluate the inhibitory effects of aqueous and alcohol HSEs on SARS\u2012CoV\u20122 and explore the possible underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, post-treatment with HSE resulted in dose-dependent decreases in both the RNA levels and TCID<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells; treatment with 50\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml and 100\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml alcohol HSEs achieved up to 95.323% and 92.587% inhibition, respectively. Moreover, pre-treatment with aqueous HSEs effectively reduced the RNA levels, and TCID<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of SARS-CoV-2 by up to 99.684%, and alcohol HSEs achieved up to 99.921% inhibition; both of these effects occurred in a dose-dependent manner.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results suggest that HSEs may have the potential to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1517585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T05:25:51Z","timestamp":1744781151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Honeysuckle extracts as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ping-Chang","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying-Ray","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Teh","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyh-Shin","family":"Chiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po-Chih","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yi","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jih-Jin","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2008.00732.x","article-title":"Rates of bluetongue virus transmission between Culicoides sonorensis and sheep","volume":"22","author":"Baylis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. 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