{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:54:06Z","timestamp":1791928446613,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peri-implantitis (PI) is a common complication of oral implants with no definitive treatment strategy. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are involved in PI by activating macrophages and influencing osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Galactin-9 (Gal-9) is known for its immunomodulatory properties and interactions with macrophage polarization receptors. This study investigated the mechanism of prophylactic exogenous Gal-9 in the prevention and treatment of PI in rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male SD rats with titanium implants were divided into the Control, Saline, and Gal-9 groups. Rats in the Saline group and Gal-9 group were prophylactically administered Gal-9 and Saline, respectively, before inducing PI. Periodontal examinations, X-ray imaging, flow cytometry analyses, and micro-CT evaluations were conducted to assess clinical, imaging, and immunological parameters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After inducing PI, the implant loss rate in the Gal-9 group was lower than that in the Saline group. The gingival index was higher in the Saline group and Gal-9 group compared to the Control group. The bleeding on probing positivity rate was higher in the Saline group than in the other two groups. X-ray and micro-CT images both showed lower alveolar bone resorption in the Gal-9 group than in the Saline group. Flow cytometry showed that the proportions of M1-type macrophages and M2-type macrophages, and M1\/M2 ratio were lower in the Gal-9 group than those in the Saline group. Multivariate linear regression indicated that Tb.Th had the greatest impact on the gingival index and Tb.Sp had the greatest impact on the M1\/M2 ratio.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exogenous Gal-9 administration demonstrated promising effects in mitigating inflammation associated with PI in rat models by promoting M2 macrophage polarization and enhancing alveolar bone stability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1533468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T07:19:54Z","timestamp":1740727194000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exogenous Galectin-9 prevents peri-implantitis in rats by regulating macrophage polarization"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lujin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huerxidai","family":"Yilihamujiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuya","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongcheng","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2009.09.004","article-title":"Galectin-9 ameliorates immune complex-induced arthritis by regulating Fc gamma R expression on macrophages","volume":"133","author":"Arikawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. 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