{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:36:33Z","timestamp":1788176193237,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gut immunity plays a critical role in overall health by balancing tolerance to food antigens and microbiota while defending against pathogens. Inflammation and infection in the gut can disrupt this balance, leading to disease. <jats:italic>Andrographis paniculata<\/jats:italic>, a plant used in traditional medicine, is known for its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties, making it a promising candidate for treating gut-related conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>A. paniculata<\/jats:italic> ethanolic extract (ApEtOH) was prepared by ethanol extraction of leaves, and bioactive compounds were identified using HPLC. Anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> using a Caco-2\/RAW264.7 co-culture inflammation model via ELISA. Gene expression of chemokines in Caco-2 cells infected with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium was assessed via quantitative real-time PCR. For <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> studies, BALB\/c mice were treated with ApEtOH at different doses, and the effects on bacterial load, immune response, and inflammation were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>ApEtOH significantly downregulated the chemokines RANTES, MCP-1, and ENA-78, reducing the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> studies demonstrated reduced bacterial colonization in the spleen, lower systemic markers of infection, and restoration of intestinal homeostasis. ApEtOH normalized serum IgA, increased IgG, and decreased TNF-\u03b1 and IL-10 levels. It also increased the expression of mucin (Muc-2) and lysozyme (Lyz-1), which are critical for epithelial integrity and antimicrobial defense.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>ApEtOH shows significant therapeutic potential for gut health by reducing bacterial colonization, modulating inflammation, and enhancing both innate and adaptive immunity. It may be a promising natural remedy for microbial induced gastrointestinal diseases and restoration of gut homeostasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1536683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T11:16:05Z","timestamp":1743592565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Andrographis paniculata restores gut health by suppressing inflammation and strengthening mucosal immunity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Vidushi","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karuna","family":"Shanker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anirban","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G922","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.280.5.G922","article-title":"The adherent gastrointestinal mucus gel layer: thickness and physical state in vivo","volume":"280","author":"Atuma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. 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