{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T01:24:24Z","timestamp":1784510664548,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004154","name":"Mae Fah Luang University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004154","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Ethnopharmacological relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>A traditional preparation of Ya-Samarn-Phlae (T-YaSP) consists of <jats:italic>Garcinia mangostana<\/jats:italic> L., <jats:italic>Oryza sativa<\/jats:italic> L., <jats:italic>Curcuma longa<\/jats:italic> L., and <jats:italic>Areca catechu<\/jats:italic> L. and has been used in Thai medicine as an infused oil for treating chronic and diabetic wounds. It is reputed for its antibacterial, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties. Despite its traditional use, scientific validation of the mechanisms underlying diabetic wound healing remains limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to develop a novel gauze dressing impregnated with an ointment containing T-YaSP (YaSP) to enhance its practical application and elucidate the mechanisms of action in promoting wound healing in both non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic wounds of this ointment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>YaSP was developed and tested for stability and dermal irritation. Changes in chemical markers during storage were measured both qualitatively and quantitatively. Its anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. The effect of YaSP on levels of nitric oxide (NO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), and pro-inflammatory enzymes (iNOS and COX-2) was measured. The wound-healing effects of YaSP were assessed using full-thickness (6\u00a0mm diameter) wound models in both non-diabetic Wistar rats and type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. In addition to evaluating wound closure on days 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11, the influence on TGF-\u03b21, VEGF, and the production of collagen types I and III, which indicate the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases, was measured.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the 6-month storage period, the \u03b1-mangostin content measured in YaSP did not decrease; however, the curcumin level showed a significant reduction. Topical treatment with YaSP demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory activity and alleviated oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. YaSP improved wound closure rates in both diabetic and non-diabetic models. Levels of TGF-\u03b21 and VEGF increased, indicating the promotion of angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation during the proliferation phase on the seventh day. Additionally, TGF-\u03b21 levels dropped on the 11th day, aligning with diminished inflammation and enhanced remodeling. The treatment balanced collagen synthesis, increasing type III collagen in the early stages and type I collagen in the later stages of wound healing. Histological analysis confirmed reduced inflammation, enhanced neovascularization, and increased collagen production.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A gauze dressing impregnated with YaSP provides a practical solution for diabetic wound management and demonstrates strong wound-healing properties by modulating excess inflammation, promoting angiogenesis during the proliferation phase, and regulating collagen synthesis throughout the remodeling phase. This discovery reveals, for the first time, the underlying mechanisms of action of this traditional formulation, highlighting its potential as a cost-effective alternative for managing chronic wounds in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1574715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T15:25:46Z","timestamp":1744298746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mechanisms underlying the wound healing and tissue regeneration properties of a novel gauze dressing impregnated with traditional herbal medicine (Ya-Samarn-Phlae) in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sineenart","family":"Sanpinit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Acharaporn","family":"Issuriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oraphan","family":"Sakulkeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palika","family":"Wetchakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surasak","family":"Limsuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinanong","family":"Na-Phatthalung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siriwan","family":"Kantisin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasitorn","family":"Chusri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e06339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06339","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of overweight\/obesity among type2 diabetic outpatients in Southwest Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Abdissa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.25270\/wnds\/2021.207218","article-title":"Medicinal plants as efficacious agents for diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review of clinical studies","volume":"33","author":"Ahmadian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.1039\/c0mb00317d","article-title":"Impaired TGF-\u03b2 signaling and a defect in resolution of inflammation contribute to delayed wound healing in a female rat model of type 2 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Al-Mulla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14668","article-title":"Effect of Rhus coriaria L. methanolic fruit extract on wound healing in diabetic and non-diabetic rats","volume":"21","author":"Alsarayreh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.3.667","article-title":"Inhibition of lipid peroxidation restores impaired vascular endothelial growth factor expression and stimulates wound healing and angiogenesis in the genetically diabetic mouse","volume":"50","author":"Altavilla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063266","article-title":"A systematic review of the effect of Centella asiatica on wound healing","volume":"19","author":"Arribas-L\u00f3pez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57101072","article-title":"Diabetic wound-healing science","volume":"57","author":"Burgess","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Kaunas."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5355","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08392-7","article-title":"Mechanisms of Nrf2 and NF-\u03baB pathways in diabetic wound and potential treatment strategies","volume":"50","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700200","article-title":"Upregulation of TGF-beta1 expression may be necessary but is not sufficient for excessive scarring","volume":"126","author":"Campaner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05380-z","article-title":"Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors in diabetes and its complications","volume":"64","author":"Catrina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11343","DOI":"10.53730\/ijhs.v6ns4.11028","article-title":"Curcumin in management of diabetic foot ulcer: a review","volume":"6","author":"Chawla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2024.06.018","article-title":"Wharton's jelly stem cells delivered via a curcumin-loaded nanofibrous wound dressings improved diabetic wound healing via upregulating VEGF and IGF genes: an in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.096","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of mangostins from Garcinia mangostana","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.01.036","article-title":"Effects of a traditional Thai polyherbal medicine \u2018Ya-Samarn-Phlae\u2019 as a natural anti-biofilm agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"128","author":"Chokpaisarn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5616","DOI":"10.5897\/JMPR11-946","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of nine herbal formulas and its plant components used for skin infections in Southern Thailand","volume":"6","author":"Chusri","year":"","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0252","article-title":"An effective antibiofilm agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm from traditional Thai herbal recipes used for wound treatments","volume":"19","author":"Chusri","year":"","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2012.0625","article-title":"Thai herbal formulas used for wound treatment: a study of their antibacterial potency, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity effects","volume":"19","author":"Chusri","year":"","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159797","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/159797","article-title":"Inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation by traditional Thai herbal recipes used for wound treatment","volume":"2012","author":"Chusri","year":"","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7394685","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7394685","article-title":"Development and evaluation of stability of a gel formulation containing the monoterpene borneol","volume":"2016","author":"Dantas","year":"2016","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.12816\/0006040","article-title":"Effect of transforming growth factor Beta 1 on wound healing in induced diabetic rats","volume":"7","author":"El Gazaerly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci. (Qassim)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2025.100856","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcer related pain and its impact on health-related quality of life","volume":"34","author":"Ghadeer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Tissue Viability"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042015","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1042015","article-title":"Moist exposed burn ointment accelerates diabetes-related wound healing by promoting re-epithelialization","volume":"9","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.192198","article-title":"Oryza sativa (rice) hull extract inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophages by suppressing extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-jun N-terminal kinase, and nuclear factor-\u03bab activation","volume":"12","author":"Ha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15010281","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15010281","article-title":"Herbal products and their active constituents for diabetic wound healing-preclinical and clinical studies: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Herman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06262-w","article-title":"Mortality rates in people presenting with a new diabetes-related foot ulcer: a cohort study with implications for management","volume":"67","author":"Holman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2017.07.003","article-title":"Arecoline activates latent transforming growth factor \u03b21 via mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in buccal fibroblasts: suppression by epigallocatechin-3-gallate","volume":"117","author":"Hsieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109636","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/109636","article-title":"Gelam honey inhibits the production of proinflammatory, mediators NO, PGE(2), TNF-\u03b1, and IL-6 in carrageenan-induced acute paw edema in rats","volume":"2012","author":"Hussein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"Stability testing of New drug substances and products: text and methodology Q1A (R2)","year":"2003"},{"key":"B31","article-title":"IDF diabetes atlas","volume-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas report on diabetes foot-related complications, Brussels, Belgium","year":"2022"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172882","article-title":"Anti-neuroinflammatory potential of Areca nut extract and its bioactive compounds in anthracene-induced BV-2 microglial cell activation","volume":"16","author":"Janpaijit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2002.00692.x","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta 1, 2, 3 and receptor type I and II in diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"19","author":"Jude","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2006.10.406","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of wound healing in experimental burns","volume":"33","author":"Jurjus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.12775\/jehs.2024.54.006","article-title":"An overview of Aloe vera impact on the healing process of diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"54","author":"Kania","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Sport"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2014.10.019","article-title":"Curcumin-induced angiogenesis hastens wound healing in diabetic rats","volume":"193","author":"Kant","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-06085-1","article-title":"Feasibility of prevention of type 2 diabetes in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"67","author":"Kengne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13020295","article-title":"Effects of bioactive composition in Oryza sativa L. cv. KDML105 bran extract on gene expression related to hair cycle in human hair follicle dermal papilla cells","volume":"13","author":"Khantham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.07.088","article-title":"Placenta mesenchymal stem cell accelerates wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats","volume":"438","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1421","article-title":"Neurovascular factors in wound healing in the foot skin of type 2 diabetic subjects","volume":"30","author":"Krishnan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2023.100745","article-title":"Traditional complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) for diabetic foot ulcer management: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04040","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.04040","article-title":"Diabetes comorbidities in low- and middle-income countries: an umbrella review","volume":"11","author":"Lam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.5762\/kais.2013.14.4.1857","article-title":"Stimulation of the extracellular matrix production in dermal fibroblasts by Areca catechu extract","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Korean Acad. Indus Coop. Soc."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5718","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62749-7","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of Curcuma longa and Allium hookeri co-treatment via NF-\u03baB and COX-2 pathways","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3035125","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3035125","article-title":"Curcumin and curcumol inhibit NF-\u03baB and TGF-\u03b2 (1)\/Smads signaling pathways in CSE-treated RAW246.7 cells","volume":"2019","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2021.1439","article-title":"Effect of Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract on glial NF-\u03baB levels and expression of serum inflammation markers in an obese-type 2 diabetes mellitus animal model","volume":"15","author":"Muniroh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.17576\/jsm-2024-5302-13","article-title":"Synergistic interaction between topical application of allicin and quercetin enhances diabetic wound healing via inflammatory in Wistar rats","volume":"53","author":"Nusantoro","year":"","journal-title":"Sains Malays."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2023-0177","article-title":"Management of wounds in diabetes by administering allicin and quercetin in emulsion form as wound medicine in diabetic rat models","volume":"21","author":"Nusantoro","year":"","journal-title":"J. Complement. Integr. Med."},{"key":"B49","article-title":"Guideline 404. Acute dermal irritation\/corrosion","volume-title":"OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals","year":"2014"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.08.021","article-title":"Alpha-mangostin suppresses interleukin-1\u03b2-induced apoptosis in rat chondrocytes by inhibiting the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway and delays the progression of osteoarthritis in a rat model","volume":"52","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108615","article-title":"Mechanistic insight into diabetic wounds: pathogenesis, molecular targets and treatment strategies to pace wound healing","volume":"112","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8254","DOI":"10.48048\/tis.2024.8254","article-title":"Alpha(\u03b1)-mangostin (xanthone of Garcinia mangostana L.): augmenting macrophages activity for an effective diabetic wound healing","volume":"21","author":"Patrick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Sci."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"119","article-title":"Application of mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) to TGF-1, PDGF-B, FGF-2, and VEGF-A expression on human gingival fibroblast cell culture (in vitro study)","volume":"14","author":"Rizqiawan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Dent. Med. Res."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195483","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1195483","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes foot ulcers and associated factors among adult diabetic patients in three referral hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia","volume":"11","author":"Salad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.117929","article-title":"Effectiveness of Ya-Samarn-Phlae in diabetic wound healing: evidence from in vitro studies and a multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"326","author":"Sanpinit","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B56","first-page":"76","article-title":"Topical application of Ya-Samarn-Phlae ointment promote wound healing in spontaneously diabetic rats (GK\/Jcl): a preliminary study","volume":"42","author":"Sanpinit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thai J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2020.100381","article-title":"Antibacterial properties of Ya-Samarn-Phlae (YaSP): a pilot study on diabetic patients with chronic ulcers","volume":"23","author":"Sanpinit","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12428","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates fibroblast proliferation and excessive collagen production by effectively intervening TGF-\u03b21 signalling","volume":"42","author":"Sriram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-010-1114-8","article-title":"Asiaticoside suppresses collagen expression and TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling through inducing Smad7 and inhibiting TGF-\u03b2RI and TGF-\u03b2RII in keloid fibroblasts","volume":"303","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v13.i12.1001","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs: role in diabetic foot and wound healing","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14048","article-title":"The importance of inflammation control for the treatment of chronic diabetic wounds","volume":"20","author":"Worsley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26206123","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206123","article-title":"Beneficial effects of green tea EGCG on skin wound healing: a comprehensive review","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64009-4","article-title":"The risk factors in diabetic foot ulcers and predictive value of prognosis of wound tissue vascular endothelium growth factor","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2010.07.001","article-title":"Acceleration of diabetic wound healing by collagen-binding vascular endothelial growth factor in diabetic rat model","volume":"90","author":"Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14760","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14760","article-title":"Healing of diabetic foot ulcer with topical and oral administrations of herbal products: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"21","author":"Zamanifard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799789","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.799789","article-title":"Velvet antler peptides reduce scarring via inhibiting the TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathway during wound healing","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2016.1231932","article-title":"Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.3079","article-title":"Curcumin and its major metabolites inhibit the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide: translocation of nuclear factor-\u03baB as potential target","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114662","article-title":"The signaling pathways of traditional Chinese medicine in promoting diabetic wound healing","volume":"282","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24656","article-title":"Mechanism of damage of HIF-1 signaling in chronic diabetic foot ulcers and its related therapeutic perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1574715\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T15:25:48Z","timestamp":1744298748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1574715\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2025.1574715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1574715","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"article-number":"1574715"}}