{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:27:00Z","timestamp":1784132820225,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004733","name":"Universidade de Macau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MYRG-GRG2024-00240-ICMS-UMDF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MYRG-GRG2024-00240-ICMS-UMDF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004733","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a prevalent immune-mediated inflammatory bowel disease characterized by mucus secretion, hematochezia, and diarrhea. This study compared the therapeutic effects of three Siegesbeckiae Herba (SH) species used in traditional Chinese medicine\u2014<jats:italic>Sigesbeckia orientalis<\/jats:italic> L (SO), <jats:italic>Sigesbeckia pubescens<\/jats:italic> Makino (SP), and <jats:italic>Sigesbeckia glabrescens<\/jats:italic> Makino (SG) \u2014 in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>UC was induced in C57BL\/6 mice with 3% DSS for 7 days. Cytokine levels in serum and colon tissues were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Protein and gene expression were analyzed using Western blotting and PCR. Histopathological changes were assessed via hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Fecal specimens were collected for gut microbiota analysis. An <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> UC model was also established in NCM460 cells using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and Caco-2 cells were used to examine intestinal mucosal integrity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>SP substantially decreased the disease activity index, enhanced colon shortening, and mitigated histological damage in comparison to the model group. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that SP functioned via the activation of the Nrf2\/Keap1 pathway, markedly increased the activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione in colon tissues, decreased the concentration of the oxidative marker malondialdehyde, and upregulated the expression of the downstream genes <jats:italic>H O -1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>NQO1<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study reveals for the first time the differences in efficacy of different species of SH and its molecular mechanism, demonstrating that SP increases oxidative defense via the activation of the Nrf2\/Keap1 pathway, therefore mitigating colitis and oxidative damage in UC mice. This discovery not only establishes a scientific foundation for the selective preference of SH species but also offers a novel technique for the creation of natural pharmaceuticals aimed at the Nrf2 pathway for the treatment of UC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1588525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T12:41:41Z","timestamp":1745930501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sigesbeckia pubescens makino alleviates ulcerative colitis in mice by modulating the Nrf2\/Keap1 pathway"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qiu-Shuo","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi-Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-Ping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Wen","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Xin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke-Gang","family":"Linghu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6142","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160906161513","article-title":"Gut permeability and microbiota in Parkinson\u2019s disease: role of depression, tryptophan catabolites, oxidative and nitrosative stress and melatonergic pathways","volume":"22","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00196","article-title":"Glutathione: New roles in redox signalling for an old antioxidant","volume":"5","author":"Aquilano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2200341","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202200341","article-title":"Betaine ameliorates acute sever ulcerative colitis by inhibiting oxidative stress induced inflammatory pyroptosis","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15070826","article-title":"Suppressive effects of Siegesbeckia orientalis ethanolic extract on proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through promoting oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammatory responses","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15070826","article-title":"Suppressive effects of Siegesbeckia orientalis ethanolic extract on proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through promoting oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammatory responses","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156541","article-title":"Siegesbeckia orientalis ethanol extract impedes RAGE-CD11b interaction driven by HMGB1 to alleviate neutrophil-involved neuronal injury poststroke","volume":"139","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846631","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.846631","article-title":"Sigesbeckia orientalis L. Derived active fraction ameliorates perioperative neurocognitive disorders through alleviating hippocampal neuroinflammation","volume":"13","author":"Chu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2018.27.6.564","article-title":"Siegesbeckia orientalis L. Extract attenuates postoperative cognitive dysfunction, systemic inflammation, and neuroinflammation","volume":"27","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4775","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224775","article-title":"The role of dietary fibers in the management of IBD symptoms","volume":"14","author":"Di Rosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010040","article-title":"A novel role of dapagliflozin in mitigation of acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis by modulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (Mcp-1)\/nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-\u03bab)\/interleukin-18 (il-18)","volume":"10","author":"Elmahdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00171-9","article-title":"Prophylaxis of pouchitis onset with probiotic therapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"Gionchetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.05.038.Intestinal","article-title":"Intestinal barrier function: molecular regulation and disease pathogenesis katherine","volume":"23","author":"Groschwitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13040626","article-title":"Prognostic value of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the temporal progression of chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Haro Gir\u00f3n","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Personalized Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60295h","article-title":"Origin and concept of medicine food homology and its application in modern functional foods","volume":"4","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766126","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.766126","article-title":"The communication between intestinal microbiota and ulcerative colitis: an exploration of pathogenesis, animal models, and potential therapeutic strategies","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135429","article-title":"Mechanism of effects of nickel or nickel compounds on intestinal mucosal barrier","volume":"305","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1081\/IPH-100108601","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of immunoglobulin E production by Jin-deuk-chal (Siegesbeckia orientalis)","volume":"23","author":"Hwang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.25135\/rnp.317.2201.2332","article-title":"Textual research of herba Siegesbeckiae","volume":"23","author":"Ju","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zhong Yao Cai"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.08.030","article-title":"Involvement of heme oxygenase-1 induction in the cytoprotective and neuroinflammatory activities of Siegesbeckia Pubescens isolated from 5,3\u2032-dihydroxy-3,7,4\u2032-trimethoxyflavone in HT22 cells and BV2 cells","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.2009.00836.x","article-title":"The combination of polymorphisms within MCP-1 and IL-1beta associated with ulcerative colitis","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenetics"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1207","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1207","article-title":"Knockdown of TOP2A suppresses IL-17 signaling pathway and alleviates the progression of ulcerative colitis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.028","article-title":"Vitexin alleviates high-fat diet induced brain oxidative stress and inflammation via anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and gut microbiota modulating properties","volume":"171","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-022-00661-0","article-title":"The \u201cwhole ingredients extract\u201d of Astragali Radix improves the symptoms of dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice through systemic immunomodulation","volume":"17","author":"Linghu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Med. (United Kingdom)"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547913","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.547913","article-title":"Sigesbeckia orientalis L. Extract alleviated the collagen Type II\u2013induced arthritis through inhibiting multi-target\u2013mediated synovial hyperplasia and inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Linghu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.07.009","article-title":"Small molecule deoxynyboquinone triggers alkylation and ubiquitination of Keap1 at Cys489 on Kelch domain for Nrf2 activation and inflammatory therapy","volume":"14","author":"Linghu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Analysis"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112530","article-title":"Comprehensive comparison on the anti-inflammatory effects of three species of Sigesbeckia plants based on NF-\u03baB and MAPKs signal pathways in vitro","volume":"250","author":"Linghu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106244","article-title":"Oxysophocarpine suppresses TRAF6 level to ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammatory factors secretion in mice with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) induced-ulcerative colitis","volume":"182","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105420","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in intestinal barrier function, inflammation, oxidative stress, and colonic carcinogenesis","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05079.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of ulcerative colitis in Chinese population: experience from a single center in Hong Kong","volume":"23","author":"Lok","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterology Hepatology Aust."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2022.101314","article-title":"Evaluation of Caco-2 and human intestinal epithelial cells as in vitro models of colonic and small intestinal integrity","volume":"31","author":"Lopez-Escalera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophysics Rep."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-020-00372-4","article-title":"Sigesbeckia glabrescens Makino extract attenuated the collagen-induced arthritis through inhibiting the synovial hyperplasia and inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med. (United Kingdom)"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17040578","article-title":"Modulating composition and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota in IBD patients","volume":"17","author":"Matija\u0161i\u0107","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20148","article-title":"IL-6 signaling in inflammatory bowel disease: pathophysiological role and clinical relevance","volume":"13","author":"Mudter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390351","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1390351","article-title":"The emerging role of oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Muro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118129","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis: gut microbiota, immunopathogenesis and application of natural products in animal models","volume":"258","author":"Nascimento","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-022-01927-y","article-title":"Clinical features and oncological outcomes of intestinal cancers associated with ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"58","author":"Noguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1102420","article-title":"Disease clearance in ulcerative colitis: setting the therapeutic goals for future in the treatment of ulcerative colitis","volume":"9","author":"Ramos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb05997.x","article-title":"Enhanced secretion of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1\u03b2 by isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells from patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"94","author":"Reinecker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-018-0193-x","article-title":"Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino inhibits Pam3CSK4-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages through suppressing TLR1\/TLR2-mediated NF-\u039aB activation","volume":"13","author":"Sang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Med. (United Kingdom)"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-021-01327-5","article-title":"The role of mucosal barriers in human gut health","volume":"44","author":"Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Archives Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i1.5","article-title":"Relationship between intestinal microbiota and ulcerative colitis: mechanisms and clinical application of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"24","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.15912\/j.cnki.gocm.2012.27.306","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of Siegesbeckiae Herba for the treatment of patients with acute enteritis","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Guide China Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111715","article-title":"The influence of probiotics on the firmicutes\/bacteroidetes ratio in the treatment of obesity and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Stojanov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200690077","article-title":"Immunosuppressive activity of the ethanol extract of Siegesbeckia orientalis on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1586\/egh.11.64","article-title":"New molecular insights into inflammatory bowel disease-induced diarrhea","volume":"5","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterology Hepatology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.12.068","article-title":"Discrimination of three Siegesbeckiae Herba species using UPLC-QTOF\/MS-based metabolomics approach","volume":"119","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-020-09714-4","article-title":"Botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Sigesbeckiae Herba (Xixiancao): a review","volume":"20","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317571","article-title":"Structural weakening of the colonic mucus barrier is an early event in ulcerative colitis pathogenesis","volume":"68","author":"Van Der Post","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.11.065","article-title":"A ROS-responsive hydrogel that targets inflamed mucosa to relieve ulcerative colitis by reversing intestinal mucosal barrier loss","volume":"377","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.07.016","article-title":"Topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of kirenol isolated from Siegesbeckia orientalis","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9686238","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9686238","article-title":"Research advance in intestinal mucosal barrier and pathogenesis of crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"2016","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology Res. Pract."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-020-01400-z","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA MEG3 alleviated ulcerative colitis through upregulating miR-98-5p-sponged IL-10","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02702-2","article-title":"Natural medicines-derived carbon dots as novel oral antioxidant administration strategy for ulcerative colitis therapy","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118112","article-title":"Brij-functionalized chitosan nanocarrier system enhances the intestinal permeability of P-glycoprotein substrate-like drugs","volume":"266","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae134","article-title":"Deficiency in epithelium RAD50 aggravates UC via IL-6-mediated JAK1\/2-STAT3 signaling and promotes development of colitis-associated cancer in mice","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis, August"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.09.023","article-title":"Comparative comprehension on the anti-rheumatic Chinese herbal medicine Siegesbeckiae Herba: combined computational predictions and experimental investigations","volume":"228","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i11.3175","article-title":"Astragalus polysaccharide attenuates rat experimental colitis by inducing regulatory T cells in intestinal Peyer\u2019s patches","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162660","article-title":"Exploration of the Muribaculaceae family in the gut microbiota: diversity, metabolism, and function","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0001421","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00014-21","article-title":"Cross talk between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal immunity in the development of ulcerative colitis","volume":"89","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1588525\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T12:41:43Z","timestamp":1745930503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1588525\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2025.1588525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1588525","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"article-number":"1588525"}}