{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T06:10:05Z","timestamp":1754028605817,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diabetes mellitus affects over 537 million people worldwide. However, its management is compounded by factors such as high cost and perceived side effects associated with conventional antidiabetic drugs. This has prompted a rise in alternative therapies, such as medicinal plants. <jats:italic>Lannea edulis<\/jats:italic> (Sond.) Engl. var. edulis, native to sub-Saharan Africa, has been shown to have both antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic properties, although its mode of action remains unclear. This study investigated the mode of action by which <jats:italic>L. edulis<\/jats:italic> decreases blood sugar.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>Aqueous leaf extracts of <jats:italic>L. edulis<\/jats:italic> obtained by decoction were screened for phytochemicals by qualitative analysis. The effects of the leaf extract (0.25\u00a0mg\/mL, 0.5\u00a0mg\/mL and 1.0\u00a0mg\/mL) on the absorption of glucose in the small intestines using the everted rat jejunum was analysed against controls. The effect of different concentrations of the leaf extracts (1\u00a0mg\/mL, 2\u00a0mg\/mL and 2\u00a0mg\/mL with 1\u00a0IU\/mL of insulin) on glucose uptake by peripheral tissues was also analysed using isolated rat hemidiaphragms. Lastly, histopathological analyses of the rat pancreas after confirmed alloxan-induced diabetes and subsequent treatment with the leaf extracts at doses of 100\u00a0mg\/kg and 500\u00a0mg\/kg for 14\u00a0days were carried out against normal rats or diabetic controls treated with 150\u00a0mg\/kg vitamin C or normal saline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>L. edulis<\/jats:italic> extracts contained flavonoids, tannins, phenols and saponins. Treatment with 0.5\u00a0mg\/mL of the leaf extract significantly decreased the movement of glucose from the mucosal side to the serosa in the everted rat jejunum (p &amp;lt; 0.001) and significantly increased glucose uptake by the hemidiaphragm at 1\u00a0mg\/mL (p = 0.0029) and 2\u00a0mg\/mL (p = 0.0479). Dosages of 500\u00a0mg\/kg of extract improved pancreatic histology in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show that <jats:italic>L. edulis<\/jats:italic> significantly reduced intestinal glucose absorption in the rat jejunum model, significantly enhanced glucose uptake in the isolated rat hemidiaphragm, and preserved and promoted regeneration of pancreatic islets and \u03b2-cells in diabetic rats. This data supports <jats:italic>L. edulis\u2019s<\/jats:italic> potential as a complementary therapy in diabetes management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1618241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T05:33:21Z","timestamp":1754026401000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lannea edulis lowers blood glucose by modulating absorption, utilization, and pancreatic function in diabetic rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Lutangu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Musalwa","family":"Muyangwa-Semenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rehana","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lubinda","family":"Mukololo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bfopcu.2017.07.002","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic activity of Caralluma quadrangula in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"55","author":"Abdel-Sattar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Fac. Pharm. Cairo Univ."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.4103\/pr.pr_119_19","article-title":"Liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis, phytochemical and biological study of two aizoaceae plants plants: a new kaempferol derivative from Trianthema portulacastrum L","volume":"12","author":"Abuzaid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2011.01391.x","article-title":"Everted gut sac model as a tool in pharmaceutical research: limitations and applications","volume":"64","author":"Alam","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.47264\/idea.nasij\/3.1.4","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants used to treat diabetes mellitus in Maidan valley, Dir Lower, Pakistan","volume":"3","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Appl. Sci. Int. J. (NASIJ)"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9090430","article-title":"Flavonoids and their anti-diabetic effects: cellular mechanisms and effects to improve blood sugar levels","volume":"9","author":"Al-Ishaq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"The effects of aqueous ginger extract on pancreas histology and on blood glucose in normal and alloxan monohydrate-induced diabetic rats","volume":"27","author":"Al-Qudah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. (India)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/plants6040042","article-title":"Phytochemicals: extraction, isolation, and identification of bioactive compounds from plant extracts","volume":"6","author":"Altemimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.03.041","article-title":"Synergistic antidiabetic activity of Vernonia amygdalina and Azadirachta indica: biochemical effects and possible mechanism","volume":"141","author":"Atangwho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01099","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of aqueous extracts of Lannea edulis in alloxan-induced diabetic rats","volume":"9","author":"Banda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.3791\/1067","article-title":"Calcium imaging of cortical neurons using Fura-2 AM","volume":"23","author":"Barreto-Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2017.20.008","article-title":"Anti-diabetic effects of an ethanol extract of Cassia abbreviata stem bark on diabetic rats and possible mechanism of its action: anti-diabetic properties of Cassia abbreviata","volume":"20","author":"Bati","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacopuncture"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018818755019","article-title":"Antidiabetic phytoconstituents and their mode of action on metabolic pathways","volume":"9","author":"Bharti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2020.100333","article-title":"Determination of phytochemical composition, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity of the hydroethanolic extract of Dolichandra unguis-cati L. leaves in human leukocytes","volume":"22","author":"Brondani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-98-5-1166","article-title":"The effect of diabetes, insulin, and the redox potential on leucine metabolism by isolated rat hemidiaphragm","volume":"98","author":"Buse","year":"1976","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1079\/bjn20041128","article-title":"Quercetin glucosides inhibit glucose uptake into brush-border-membrane vesicles of porcine jejunum","volume":"91","author":"Cermak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajme.2016.12.001","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic activity of the bark methanolic extract of Syzygium mundagam in diabetic rats","volume":"53","author":"Chandran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alexandria J. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"010404","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.04.010404","article-title":"Urbanization and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Southern Asia: a systematic analysis","volume":"4","author":"Cheema","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2014.02.004","article-title":"High concentrations of genistein exhibit pro-oxidant effects in primary muscle cells through mechanisms involving 5-lipoxygenase-mediated production of reactive oxygen species","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9420046","DOI":"10.26599\/FMH.2025.9420046","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effects of edible fungus polysaccharides: a mini review","volume":"2","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food and Med. Homol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8852759","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8852759","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in diabetic wound healing","volume":"2021","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1080\/13880200902752959","article-title":"Plant species used in the treatment of diabetes by South African traditional healers: an inventory","volume":"47","author":"Deutschlnder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6906a3","article-title":"Trends in incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths \u2014 selected counties and Indian reservations, United States, 2002\u20132015","volume":"69","author":"Divers","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.seda.2023.08.010","article-title":"Side effects of insulin and other antihyperglycemic drugs","volume":"45","author":"D\u2019Souza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Side Eff. Drugs Annu."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.7.715","article-title":"Protective effects of Morus alba leaves extract on ocular functions of pups from diabetic and hypercholesterolemic mother rats","volume":"7","author":"El-Sayyad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1080\/00498250050200122","article-title":"Use of everted sacs of mouse small intestine as enzyme sources for the study of drug oxidation activities in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Emoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-7-29","article-title":"An experimental evaluation of the antidiabetic and antilipidemic properties of a standardized Momordica charantia fruit extract","volume":"7","author":"Fernandes","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2018.10.004","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetes","volume":"47","author":"Forouhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. (United Kingdom)"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2013.05.2672","article-title":"Review of insulin-dependent and insulin-independent agents for treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and potential role for sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors","volume":"125","author":"Freeman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.127","article-title":"Flavonoids for preserving pancreatic beta cell survival and function: a mechanistic review","volume":"111","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"115","article-title":"Bronchodilator, spasmolytic and calcium antagonist activities of Nigella sativa seeds (Kalonji): a traditional herbal product with multiple medicinal uses","volume":"51","author":"Gilani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pak Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.04.012","article-title":"Antioxidant activity, total phenolics and flavonoids contents: should we ban in vitro screening methods?","volume":"264","author":"Granato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072474","article-title":"Mechanisms of glucose absorption in the small intestine in health and metabolic diseases and their role in appetite regulation","volume":"13","author":"Gromova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1039\/d3mo00250k","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer environment: from patient-derived models to single-cell omics","volume":"20","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Omics"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S415974","article-title":"High-dose vitamin C alleviates pancreatic necrosis by inhibiting platelet activation through the CXCL12\/CXCR4 pathway in severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"16","author":"Gui","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2009.08.048","article-title":"Palbinone and triterpenes from Moutan Cortex (Paeonia suffruticosa, Paeoniaceae) stimulate glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis via activation of AMPK in insulin-resistant human HepG2 cells","volume":"19","author":"Ha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorg Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.33.3.291","article-title":"Effects of epicatechin on rat islets of Langerhans","volume":"33","author":"Hii","year":"1984","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1070001","article-title":"Effects of flavonoids on insulin secretion and 45Ca2+ handling in rat islets of Langerhans","volume":"107","author":"Hii","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42531-0","article-title":"Metformin acutely lowers blood glucose levels by inhibition of intestinal glucose transport","volume":"9","author":"Horakova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.106314","article-title":"Chitosan-based functional materials combined with plant extract: a promising strategy in the stimulation of wound healing process","volume":"101","author":"Iqbal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11175","article-title":"Diabetic-induced alterations in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism: the role of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (review)","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1848-3","article-title":"A novel botanical formula prevents diabetes by improving insulin resistance","volume":"17","author":"Kan","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.3390\/life12101630","article-title":"Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extract and 1-Deoxynojirimycin improve skeletal muscle insulin resistance via the activation of IRS-1\/PI3K\/Akt pathway in db\/db mice","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.47405\/mjssh.v5i12.555","article-title":"Exploring the knowledge on herbal medicine (HM) usage in disease management among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia","volume":"5","author":"Kassim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malays. J. Soc. Sci. Humanit. (MJSSH)"},{"key":"B44","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Chapter 1 introduction to diabetes mellitus. Diabetes: an old disease, a new insight","author":"Kaul","year":"2012"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155518","article-title":"Sugar absorption in the intestine: the role of GLUT2","volume":"28","author":"Kellett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3500155","article-title":"The diffusive component of intestinal glucose absorption is mediated by the glucose-induced recruitment of GLUT2 to the brush-border membrane","volume":"350","author":"Kellett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2991\/JEGH.K.191028.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes - global burden of disease and forecasted trends","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(74)90194-0","article-title":"Substrate utilization by the denervated rat hemidiaphragm","volume":"43","author":"Koski","year":"1974","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020887","article-title":"Major phytochemicals: recent advances in health benefits and extraction method","volume":"28","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0886-7","article-title":"The mechanisms of alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Lenzen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.2.165","article-title":"Tannic acid stimulates glucose transport and inhibits adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells","volume":"135","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.130906","article-title":"Sweet taste receptors in rat small intestine stimulate glucose absorption through apical GLUT2","volume":"582","author":"Mace","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiology"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.3.927","article-title":"Determinants of the selective toxicity of alloxan to the pancreatic B cell","volume":"79","author":"Malaisse","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-9476.96519","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of aqueous extract of Carica papaya Linn. leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic rats","volume":"3","author":"Maniyar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030545","article-title":"Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Elaeodendron transvaalense","volume":"11","author":"Maroyi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/med4.29","article-title":"Acceptance of encapsulated porcine islet xenotransplantation by patients and doctors in the US","volume":"1","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Adv."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.40.163","article-title":"Indian herbs and herbal drugs used for the treatment of diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Modak","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2013.01.005","article-title":"Antidiabetic properties and mechanism of action of Orthosiphon stamineus benth bioactive sub-fraction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"6","author":"Mohamed","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMS J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.124768","article-title":"Apical GLUT2 and Cav1.3: regulation of rat intestinal glucose and calcium absorption","volume":"580","author":"Morgan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s11428-019-0460-1","article-title":"Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus","volume":"15","author":"M\u00fcller-Wieland PD med","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologe"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"074","DOI":"10.37871\/jbres1402","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of herbal medicine use among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at the university teaching hospitals in Lusaka","volume":"3","author":"Nangandu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Res. and Environ. Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11152011","article-title":"Extraction methods, quantitative and qualitative phytochemical screening of medicinal plants for antimicrobial textiles: a review","volume":"11","author":"Nortjie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-41121","article-title":"The antihyperglycaemic activity of berberine arises from a decrease of glucose absorption","volume":"69","author":"Pan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"B64","article-title":"Extraction of pharmaceutical drugs","volume":"2","author":"Pandey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46501\/ijmtst061019","article-title":"Preliminary phytochemical screening of six medicinal plants used as traditional medicine","volume":"7","author":"Patil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharma Bio Sci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60568-7","article-title":"Incidence trends for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe during 1989-2003 and predicted new cases 2005-20: a multicentre prospective registration study","volume":"373","author":"Patterson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.2.8623","article-title":"Minireview: secondary \u03b2-cell failure in type 2 diabetes - a convergence of glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity","volume":"143","author":"Poitout","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1021\/np0202428","article-title":"New dihydroalkylhexenones from Lannea edulis","volume":"66","author":"Queiroz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42351","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R400019200","article-title":"Chronic oxidative stress as a central mechanism for glucose toxicity in pancreatic islet beta cells in diabetes","volume":"279","author":"Robertson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213493","article-title":"Antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti-hyperglycemic, and antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts from twelve native plants of the Yucatan coast","volume":"14","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2006.01.003","article-title":"Diabetes and mitochondrial function: role of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress","volume":"212","author":"Rolo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00026-0","article-title":"Effect of Cassia auriculata Linn. on serum glucose level, glucose utilization by isolated rat hemidiaphragm","volume":"80","author":"Sabu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5422","DOI":"10.26452\/ijrps.v11i4.3170","article-title":"Anti-hyperlipidemic activity of lannea coramandelica leaf extract against experimentally induced hyperlipidemia in rats","volume":"11","author":"Sekkizhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.22271\/chemi.2020.v8.i2i.8834","article-title":"Qualitative tests for preliminary phytochemical screening: an overview","volume":"8","author":"Shaikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Stud."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3583067","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3583067","article-title":"Metabolic and epigenetic action mechanisms of antidiabetic medicinal plants","volume":"2019","author":"Shanak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6156.1000752","article-title":"Anti-hyperglycemic activity of aqueous extracts of some medicinal plants on wistar rats","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15252","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110496200","article-title":"Flavonoid inhibition of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 1 (SVCT1) and glucose transporter isoform 2 (GLUT2), intestinal transporters for vitamin C and glucose","volume":"277","author":"Song","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2005.05.004","article-title":"Combination of high-fat diet-fed and low-dose streptozotocin-treated rat: a model for type 2 diabetes and pharmacological screening","volume":"52","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B79","first-page":"148","article-title":"Inhibition of aldose reductase by tannoid principles of emblica officinalis: implications for the prevention of sugar cataract","volume":"10","author":"Suryanarayana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.930111","article-title":"The mechanism of alloxan and streptozotocin action in B cells of the rat pancreas","volume":"50","author":"Szkudelski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiological Res."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000152019","article-title":"Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus type 2: roles of obesity, insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Th\u00e9venod","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Diabetes"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-016-1060-7","article-title":"Securigenin glycosides as hypoglycemic principles of Securigera securidaca seeds","volume":"71","author":"Tofighi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980819","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.980819","article-title":"Natural products for the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus in Zimbabwe-a review","volume":"13","author":"Usai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.2147\/vhrm.s3119","article-title":"Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in the early treatment of type 2 diabetes","volume":"4","author":"van de Laar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-010-0406-9","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Helicteres isora roots in alloxan-induced diabetic rats: a possible mechanism of action","volume":"64","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6004","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.6004","article-title":"Facilitating effects of berberine on rat pancreatic islets through modulating hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha expression and glucokinase activity","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1991.tb06645.x","article-title":"Reconsideration of inhibitory effect of metformin on intestinal glucose absorption","volume":"43","author":"Wilcock","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00055.2009","article-title":"Biology of human sodium glucose transporters","volume":"91","author":"Wright","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.10001","article-title":"Risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and recent advances in the treatment and prevention","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-1188","article-title":"Polyphenols stimulate AMP-activated protein kinase, lower lipids, and inhibit accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetic LDL receptor-deficient mice","volume":"55","author":"Zang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4236\/pp.2017.84008","article-title":"Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities of methanolic leaf extract of Stephania japonica in alloxan induced diabetic rats","volume":"8","author":"Zehad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Pharm."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109943","article-title":"Antioxidant, \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory activities of bound polyphenols extracted from mung bean skin dietary fiber","volume":"132","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1618241\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T05:33:23Z","timestamp":1754026403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1618241\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2025.1618241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1618241","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"article-number":"1618241"}}