{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:37:52Z","timestamp":1791333472411,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a systemic disease which primarily affects pulmonary system, but also extends to different important organs to cause multitude of associated diseases, leading to rise in rate of morbidity and mortality. The present investigation is focused on the development and optimization of SLN (Solid Lipid Nanoparticles) formulation of IVF (Ivacaftor) for effective treatment of cystic fibrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>IVF-SLN was formulated with the help of homogenization and ultrasonication methods by incorporating Labrasol as liquid lipid, Cetyl palmitate as solid lipid and Polysorbate 20 as the surfactant. The independent variables such as the amount of Lipid (X<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) and amount of surfactant (X<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) were studied for their effect on dependent variables namely entrapment efficiency and particle size.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The final formulation of IVF-SLN showed a narrow range in size distribution with the particle size of 150.23 \u00b1 1.59 nm, PDI of 0.256 \u00b1 0.014 and entrapment efficiency of 90.54 \u00b1 1.32%. IVF incorporation into the imperfect crystal lattice was confirmed with the help of a DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) study. The <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> dissolution study showed improved release pattern from the optimized formulation and release profile followed first-order model indicating a sustained release pattern from lipid matrix.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This delivery system presented development of stable nanoparticle formulation exhibiting sustained release pattern, which may contribute to therapeutic outcomes in comparison with drug alone. The outcomes of the research highlighted its potential as an efficient therapeutic strategy for CF management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1619481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T05:33:31Z","timestamp":1755668011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Optimization of ivacaftor-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for solubility enhancement"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Akshay","family":"Parihar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhupendra G.","family":"Prajapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Himanshu","family":"Paliwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2023.05.011","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles, an effective carrier for classical antifungal drugs","volume":"31","author":"Almawash","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2025.106631","article-title":"Preparation and investigation of janus structured micro\/nano carriers: release kinetics of multiple drugs","volume":"105","author":"Altas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3084","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00128","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles for pulmonary delivery of biopharmaceuticals: a review of opportunities, challenges, and delivery applications","volume":"21","author":"Alwani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.105068","article-title":"Overcoming barriers in cystic fibrosis therapy through inhalational lipid nanoparticles: challenges and advances","volume":"89","author":"Anjum","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-024-01681-z","article-title":"Application of quality by design in optimization of nanoformulations: principle, perspectives and practices","volume":"15","author":"Birla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124163","article-title":"Is it advantageous to use quality by design (QbD) to develop nanoparticle-based dosage forms for parenteral drug administration?","volume":"657","author":"Camacho Vieira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/20415990.2025.2457314","article-title":"A quality-by-design approach to develop abemaciclib solid lipid nanoparticles for targeting breast cancer cell lines","volume":"16","author":"Chin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.07.036","article-title":"Formulation design, preparation and physicochemical characterizations of solid lipid nanoparticles containing a hydrophobic drug: effects of process variables","volume":"88","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115751","article-title":"Liposomes characterization for market approval as pharmaceutical products: analytical methods, guidelines and standardized protocols","volume":"236","author":"Giordani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450600561265","article-title":"Tamoxifen citrate loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN\u2122): preparation, characterization, in vitro drug release, and pharmacokinetic evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Harivardhan Reddy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45606","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c05839","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of ivacaftor derivatives with reduced lipophilicity","volume":"8","author":"Iazzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.122749","article-title":"Riluzole-loaded lipid nanoparticles for brain delivery: preparation, optimization and characterization","volume":"388","author":"In\u00eas Teixeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321576","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1321576","article-title":"Endocrine and metabolic factors and the risk of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.06.021","article-title":"Substrate-dependent metabolomic signatures of myeloperoxidase activity in airway epithelial cells: implications for early cystic fibrosis lung disease","volume":"206","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgae058","article-title":"The mechanism of action of botrychium (thunb.) sw. For prevention of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis based on 1H-NMR-based metabolomics","volume":"76","author":"Lou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00105-3","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles: production, characterization and applications","volume":"64","author":"Mehnert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-024-04132-3","article-title":"Paclitaxel loaded capmul MCM and tristearin based nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for glioblastoma treatment: screening of formulation components by quality by design (QbD) approach","volume":"19","author":"Mittal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.8120","article-title":"Cystic fibrosis: a review","volume":"329","author":"Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83395-4_13","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study of solid lipid nanoparticles","volume-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems","author":"Paliwal","year":"2022"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-15848-3_6","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles in malaria","volume-title":"Malarial drug delivery systems: advances in treatment of infectious diseases","author":"Paliwal","year":"2023"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.109187","article-title":"Regulating the lipid droplet interface based on milk fat globule membrane and milk proteins to improve lipid digestion of model infant formula emulsion","volume":"146","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.51847\/IZAVr2gt5p","article-title":"Response surface methodology for an improved nanoemulsion of ivacaftor and its optimisation for solubility and stability","volume":"14","author":"Parihar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacophore"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.22159\/ijcpr.2024v16i1.4020","article-title":"A systematic review on nano drug delivery system: solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN)","volume":"16","author":"Phalak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v26.i6.10","article-title":"Lipid-based nanoparticles as pharmaceutical drug carriers: from concepts to clinic","volume":"26","author":"Puri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Reviews\u2122 Ther. Drug Carr. Syst."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2010.05.003","article-title":"Non-destructive methods of characterization of risperidone solid lipid nanoparticles","volume":"76","author":"Rahman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.130135","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers of dual functionality at emulsion interfaces. Part I: pickering stabilisation functionality","volume":"654","author":"Sakellari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2015.07.002","article-title":"Application of quality by design approach for intranasal delivery of rivastigmine loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: effect on formulation and characterization parameters","volume":"78","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1208\/pt0801024","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of lovastatin solid lipid nanoparticles","volume":"8","author":"Suresh","year":"2007","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.3390\/app13031726","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as food-grade nanovehicles for hydrophobic nutraceuticals or bioactives","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01609-4","article-title":"CFTR modulator therapy: transforming the landscape of clinical care in cystic fibrosis","volume":"402","author":"Taylor-Cousar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5837","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.S466042","article-title":"Tumor cell-targeting and tumor microenvironment-responsive nanoplatforms for the multimodal imaging-guided photodynamic\/photothermal\/chemodynamic treatment of cervical cancer","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-025-00731-z","article-title":"Disulfide bond-driven nanoassembly of lipophilic epirubicin prodrugs for breast cancer therapy","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Investigation"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1619481\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T05:33:31Z","timestamp":1755668011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1619481\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2025.1619481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1619481","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"article-number":"1619481"}}