{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T21:51:05Z","timestamp":1788904265040,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As an important antibiotic for treating infections caused by drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, colistin\u2019s clinical efficacy and safety might be influenced by multiple factors. This meta-analysis aimed to identify the key factors affecting the effectiveness and safety of colistin in treating these infections. The results of this study provide a reference for clinicians to choose treatment methods. At the same time, the rational use of colistin can prevent the occurrence of adverse drug reactions (AKI), improve the cure rate of patients, and delay the development of bacterial resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall mortality rate was designated as the primary effectiveness outcome, with clinical response rate and bacterial eradication rate serving as the secondary outcomes. The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) was evaluated as a safety endpoint. Key analytical variables included colistin dose (high-dose\u22654.2\u00a0mg\/kg\/day and low-dose&amp;lt; 4.2\u00a0mg\/kg\/day), ACCI (low &amp;lt;5, moderate = five to six, high &amp;gt;6), co-therapy (carbapenems\/tigecycline\/fosfomycin, etc.), microbial species (\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii\/Pseudomonas aeruginosa\/<\/jats:italic>\n                      Enterobacteriaceae, etc.), and administration methods (aerosolized plus intravenous colistin vs. intravenous colistin alone).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 74 studies (N = 8,889 participants) were included in our analysis. Mortality was lower in the high-dose group compared to the low-dose group (34.09% vs. 41.08%, p = 0.09). In ACCI score subgroups (low, moderate, high), mortality rates were 27.11% vs. 44.69% vs. 47.11% (p &amp;lt; 0.01). Monotherapy was associated with a higher mortality rate compared to co-therapy (42.97% vs. 33.10%, p &amp;lt; 0.01). Although no statistical differences were observed among different pathogenic bacteria species, infection caused by\n                      <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibited the highest mortality rate at 43.75%. Mortality rates for aerosolized plus intravenous colistin\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      intravenous colistin alone were 40.81% vs. 32.84% (p = 0.09). The incidence of AKI was significantly higher in the loading dose group, high-ACCI group, and group receiving concomitant nephrotoxic drugs while being notably lower in the\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Loading dose, co-therapy (carbapenems or quinolones), microbial factors, and ACCI are the main factors associated with the effectiveness of colistin. Additionally, loading dose, microbial factors, ACCI, and co-therapy are associated with an increased risk of colistin-associated AKI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/search<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier CRD420250655507.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1625595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T06:34:38Z","timestamp":1761719678000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Factors affecting the effectiveness and safety of colistin in treating drug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxian","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3628","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00284-09","article-title":"Resistance to colistin in Acinetobacter baumannii associated with mutations in the PmrAB two-component system","volume":"53","author":"Adams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10833","DOI":"10.4081\/ejtm.2022.10833","article-title":"Optimal dosing interval of intravenous colistin monotherapy versus combination therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Ahmadpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Transl. Myology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.06.007","article-title":"Aerosolized plus intravenous colistin vs intravenous colistin alone for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"108","author":"Almangour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis. Ijid Official Publ. Int. Soc. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"311","article-title":"Efficacy of loading dose of colistin in Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"25","author":"Alp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Le Infezioni Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw684","article-title":"The effectiveness and safety of high-dose colistin: prospective cohort study","volume":"63","author":"Benattar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Official Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.4103\/ijn.IJN_130_20","article-title":"Colistin nephrotoxicity-age and baseline kidney functions hold the key","volume":"31","author":"Bk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Nephrol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7331","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03510-14","article-title":"Comparison of intrapulmonary and systemic pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) and colistin after aerosol delivery and intravenous administration of CMS in critically ill patients","volume":"58","author":"Boisson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70078","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.70078","article-title":"Older adult sepsis survivors discharged to skilled nursing facilities: age-Adjusted charlson comorbidity index as a predictor of 6-month mortality","volume":"30","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nurs. Crit. Care"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753466619885529","DOI":"10.1177\/1753466619885529","article-title":"Inhalation with intravenous loading dose of colistin in critically ill patients with pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria","volume":"13","author":"Choe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03667.x","article-title":"Colistin pharmacokinetics: the fog is lifting","volume":"18","author":"Couet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis286","article-title":"High-dose, extended-interval colistin administration in critically ill patients: is this the right dosing strategy? A preliminary study","volume":"54","author":"Dalfino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Official Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0027","article-title":"Diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: a consensus report by the american diabetes association (ADA) and kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO)","volume":"45","author":"de Boer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000627","article-title":"New treatment options for multiresistant gram negatives","volume":"33","author":"Dl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit253","article-title":"Colistin and rifampicin compared with colistin alone for the treatment of serious infections due to extensively drug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial","volume":"57","author":"Durante-Mangoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Official Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1086\/429323","article-title":"Colistin: the revival of polymyxins for the management of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections","volume":"40","author":"Falagas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Official Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.10.005","article-title":"Colistin therapy for microbiologically documented multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections: a retrospective cohort study of 258 patients","volume":"35","author":"Falagas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1464_16","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of colistin in patients with multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections: a pilot study","volume":"147","author":"Gautam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00028-12","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of nephrotoxicity associated with intravenous colistin in overweight and Obese patients","volume":"56","author":"Gauthier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2022.106588","article-title":"Pulmonary and systemic pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) and formed colistin following nebulisation of CMS among patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"59","author":"Gkoufa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7324","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03508-14","article-title":"New colistin population pharmacokinetic data in critically ill patients suggesting an alternative loading dose rationale","volume":"58","author":"Gr\u00e9goire","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2020.1795878","article-title":"Evaluation of prognosis and nephrotoxicity in patients treated with colistin in intensive care unit","volume":"42","author":"Gunay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.3.905-909.2003","article-title":"Synergistic activity of colistin and ceftazidime against multiantibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model","volume":"47","author":"Gunderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.117036","article-title":"Carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter ventilator-associated pneumonia: clinical characteristics and outcome","volume":"17","author":"Gurjar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Crit. Care Med. Peer-reviewed, Official Publ. Indian Soc. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00766-07","article-title":"Colistin heteroresistance in acinetobacter and its association with previous colistin therapy","volume":"52","author":"Hawley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00234-20","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00234-20","article-title":"Pathogenesis of gram-negative bacteremia","volume":"34","author":"Holmes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-013-1493-9","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of colistin in critically ill patients with multidrug-resistant gram-negative Bacilli infection","volume":"69","author":"Karnik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S144314","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and nephrotoxicity of colistin loading dose for treatment of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in cancer patients","volume":"10","author":"Katip","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/evidoa2200131","article-title":"Colistin monotherapy versus combination therapy for carbapenem-resistant organisms","volume":"2","author":"Kaye","year":"2022","journal-title":"NEJM Evid."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1086\/657242","article-title":"Aerosolized plus intravenous colistin versus intravenous colistin alone for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a matched case-control study","volume":"51","author":"Kofteridis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Official Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.03040.x","article-title":"Inhaled colistin as adjunctive therapy to intravenous colistin for the treatment of microbiologically documented ventilator-associated pneumonia: a comparative cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Korbila","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Official Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.03.016","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of colistin and the relation to survival in critically ill patients infected with colistin susceptible and carbapenem-resistant bacteria","volume":"26","author":"Kristoffersson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1086\/498909","article-title":"The duration of hypotension before the initiation of antibiotic treatment is a critical determinant of survival in a murine model of Escherichia coli septic shock: association with serum lactate and inflammatory cytokine levels","volume":"193","author":"Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.011","article-title":"Colistin treatment in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia patients: incidence of nephrotoxicity and outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Kwon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030373","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii antibiotic resistance mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Kyriakidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1398390","article-title":"Colistin: how should it be dosed for the critically ill?","volume":"36","author":"Landersdorfer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Seminars Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh167","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin in rats following an intravenous dose of colistin methanesulphonate","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.04.004","article-title":"Emergence of the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Citrobacter freundii","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000002562","article-title":"Evaluation of prognostic risk models based on age and comorbidity in septic patients: insights from machine learning and traditional methods in a large-scale, multicenter, retrospective study","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067548","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1067548","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of polymyxin E sulfate in the treatment of critically ill patients with carbapenem-resistant organism infections","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05360-11","article-title":"Dosing regimen matters: the importance of early intervention and rapid attainment of the pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic target","volume":"56","author":"Martinez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0131","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in an Escherichia coli ST10 bloodstream isolate in the Sultanate of Oman","volume":"24","author":"Mohsin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B40","first-page":"66","article-title":"Effect of inhaled colistin on the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to multi-drug resistant acinetobacter","volume":"18","author":"Moradi Moghaddam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tanaffos"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu213","article-title":"Colistin and polymyxin B: peas in a pod, or chalk and cheese?","volume":"59","author":"Nation","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Official Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw839","article-title":"Dosing guidance for intravenous colistin in critically-ill patients","volume":"64","author":"Nation","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Official Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp150876","article-title":"Optimizing colistin dosing: is a loading dose necessary?","volume":"74","author":"Nazer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Health-system Pharm. Ajhp Official J. Am. Soc. Health-system Pharm."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-015-0062-8","article-title":"High dose intravenous colistin methanesulfonate therapy is associated with high rates of nephrotoxicity; a prospective cohort study from Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"Omrani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.015","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli: an international ESCMID cross-sectional survey among infectious diseases specialists practicing in large hospitals","volume":"24","author":"Papst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Official Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6471","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01321-15","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin in critically ill patients","volume":"59","author":"Parker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30099-9","article-title":"Colistin alone versus colistin plus meropenem for treatment of severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria: an open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medin.2011.01.013","article-title":"Nebulized colistin treatment of multi-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pulmonary infection in critical ill patients","volume":"35","author":"P\u00e9rez-Pedrero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Intensiva"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00871-13","article-title":"Clinical experience of colistin-glycopeptide combination in critically ill patients infected with gram-negative bacteria","volume":"58","author":"Petrosillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3430","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01361-08","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin methanesulfonate and colistin after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with infections caused by gram-negative bacteria","volume":"53","author":"Plachouras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.04.011","article-title":"Use of nebulized antimicrobials for the treatment of respiratory infections in invasively mechanically ventilated adults: a position paper from the European society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases","volume":"23","author":"Rello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Official Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13360","article-title":"Antibiotic resistances of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in urine cultures: experience in a hospital of southeast Spain","volume":"132","author":"Requena-Cabello","year":"2024","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2022.1449","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 and PRISMA-S: common questions on tracking records and the flow diagram","volume":"110","author":"Rethlefsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Libr. Assoc."},{"key":"B55","first-page":"14","article-title":"Treatment and outcome of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative Bacilli blood-stream infections in a tertiary care hospital","volume":"63","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5598","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02435-13","article-title":"Preliminary study of colistin versus colistin plus fosfomycin for treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections","volume":"58","author":"Sirijatuphat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00895-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00895-19","article-title":"New mutations involved in colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2014.223","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for colistin-associated nephrotoxicity","volume":"68","author":"Temocin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2209","article-title":"International consensus guidelines for the optimal use of the polymyxins: endorsed by the American college of clinical pharmacy (ACCP), european society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases (ESCMID), infectious diseases society of America (IDSA), international society for anti-infective pharmacology (ISAP), society of critical care medicine (SCCM), and society of infectious diseases pharmacists (SIDP)","volume":"39","author":"Tsuji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1018","article-title":"Effect of aerosolized colistin as adjunctive treatment on the outcomes of microbiologically documented ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by colistin-only susceptible gram-negative bacteria","volume":"144","author":"Tumbarello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.12.002","article-title":"Risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients treated with polymyxin B or colistin methanesulfonate sodium","volume":"43","author":"Tuon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107267","article-title":"Effect of colistin combined with sulbactam: 9 g versus 12 g per day on mortality in the treatment of carbapenems resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"149","author":"Ungthammakhun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis909","article-title":"Association between colistin dose and microbiologic outcomes in patients with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteremia","volume":"56","author":"Vicari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Official Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.12.009","article-title":"Systematic review on estimated rates of nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity in patients treated with polymyxins","volume":"27","author":"Wagenlehner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad556","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and bacterial characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii among patients from different global regions","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Official Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2017.03.006","article-title":"Outcome analysis of colistin-treated burn center patients","volume":"43","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Burns J. Int. Soc. Burn Inj."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2023.154315","article-title":"Nebulized colistin as the adjunctive treatment for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0060923","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00609-23","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance from fresh meat and slaughtered animals in the Czech Republic: nation-wide surveillance 2020-2021","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1625595\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T06:34:39Z","timestamp":1761719679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1625595\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2025.1625595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1625595","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"article-number":"1625595"}}