{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:31:40Z","timestamp":1791973900977,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004462","name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of pharmacogenetics into personalized medicine enables the optimization of drug selection and dosage, maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing the risk of adverse drug reactions. The association between <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic> alleles and ARIA, a known adverse reaction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients treated with anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies, has led to the inclusion of <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic> genotyping among conventional pharmacogenetic tests. Given the dual role of <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic> alleles, the widespread implementation of this genetic test requires caution and should be accompanied by appropriate genetic counselling. <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic> genotyping is uniquely positioned at the intersection of pharmacogenetics and germline testing: it provides insight not only into drug safety (specifically the risk of Amyloid-Related Imaging Abnormalities) but also into familial risk for developing Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Carriers of risk alleles, especially homozygotes, face the highest risk and require close monitoring. While <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic> genotyping can inform treatment decisions, it also raises ethical concerns due to the broader implications of disclosing genetic risk information for neurodegenerative diseases. Identifying a high-risk <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic> genotype in a patient substantially impacts family members. Therefore, patients considered for treatment with anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies should receive comprehensive pre- and post-test genetic counseling that goes beyond traditional standards, as currently provided for other peculiar tests. Such counseling ensures that patients are adequately informed about potential outcomes, psychological impacts, and familial implications. It also supports ethical decision-making and facilitates truly informed consent, helping to prevent deterministic or overly simplistic interpretations of genetic risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1627239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T05:22:19Z","timestamp":1753075339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pharmacogenetics or predictive genetics? 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