{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:47:05Z","timestamp":1792021625632,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Type 2 (T2) inflammation underlies a substantial subset of moderate-to-severe asthma, contributing to persistent symptoms and frequent exacerbations. Dupilumab, a fully human immunoglobulin G subclass 4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibody, targets the interleukin-4 receptor alpha (IL-4R\u03b1), thereby inhibiting both interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) signaling\u2014which are key cytokines driving T2 inflammation. This review examines the formulation, pharmacological profile, clinical efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of dupilumab in the treatment of asthma, with an emphasis on its role across T2-high and selected T2-low phenotypes. Dupilumab displays nonlinear pharmacokinetics, with approximately 61% bioavailability and a prolonged half-life that supports biweekly subcutaneous (SC) administration. Clinical trials have demonstrated significant reductions in asthma exacerbation rates, improvements in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and decreased oral corticosteroid (OCS) dependence in adults and children with moderate-to-severe asthma. The benefits are particularly robust in patients with elevated eosinophil counts or fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), although efficacy extends to some patients with T2-low profiles. Reported safety data show a favorable profile, with mild adverse events, such as injection-site reactions and nasopharyngitis, being the most common. Nonclinical studies using surrogate antibodies in animal models revealed no evidence of systemic toxicity, reproductive harm, or carcinogenicity, reinforcing the drug\u2019s high therapeutic index. From a pharmacoeconomic perspective, dupilumab has been found to be cost-effective in Japan compared to other biologics such as benralizumab and mepolizumab for asthma treatment. It has also shown cost-effectiveness in countries such as South Korea and the United Kingdom, particularly among patients with frequent exacerbations or chronic OCS use. However, in settings such as the United States and Colombia, high drug acquisition costs limit its cost-effectiveness unless its use is restricted to high-risk populations. In summary, dupilumab provides a targeted and generally well-tolerated treatment option for severe asthma. It is approved as an add-on maintenance therapy for patients aged \u22656\u00a0years with moderate-to-severe asthma, particularly those with T2 inflammation. By maximizing clinical and economic benefits through precision-guided patient selection, dupilumab\u2019s dual IL-4\/IL-13 blockade makes it a versatile biologic\u2014especially suited for T2-high and overlapping asthma phenotypes or patients with comorbidities such as nasal polyps, eosinophilic esophagitis, and atopic dermatitis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1631321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T05:32:18Z","timestamp":1754458338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Exploring dupilumab for asthma: from mechanistic insights to clinical outcomes, safety, and cost-effectiveness"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Omar Z.","family":"Ameer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghaith K.","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghad S.","family":"Al-Amoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahmi M.","family":"Abu\u2010Owaimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14235","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals (benralizumab, dupilumab and omalizumab) for severe allergic asthma: a systematic review for the EAACI guidelines - recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma","volume":"75","author":"Agache","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-019-00288-x","article-title":"A clinician's guide to the recognition and management of dupilumab-associated conjunctivitis","volume":"19","author":"Agnihotri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs R&D"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.05.024","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of mepolizumab, benralizumab, and dupilumab in eosinophilic asthma: a Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"150","author":"Akenroye","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2024.101024","article-title":"Long-term effects of dupilumab on chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a step towards clinical remission","volume":"18","author":"Al-Ahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/14737167.2023.2282668","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of dupilumab versus omalizumab, mepolizumab, and benralizumab added to the standard of care in adults with severe asthma in Colombia","volume":"24","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/14737167.2022.2011217","article-title":"Cost-utility analysis of dupilumab add on therapy versus standard therapy in adolescents and adults for severe asthma in Colombia","volume":"22","author":"Antonio Buend\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.12.006","article-title":"Dupilumab improves lung function parameters in pediatric type 2 asthma: VOYAGE study","volume":"12","author":"Bacharier","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2106567","article-title":"Dupilumab in children with uncontrolled moderate-to-severe asthma","volume":"385","author":"Bacharier","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2019.1697678","article-title":"Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis: the multifaceted spectrum of clinical manifestations at different stages of the disease","volume":"16","author":"Berti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.07.048","article-title":"Dupilumab does not affect correlates of vaccine-induced immunity: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis","volume":"80","author":"Blauvelt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.07.029","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of dupilumab and omalizumab on asthma exacerbations and systemic corticosteroid prescriptions: real-world US ADVANTAGE study","volume":"154","author":"Bleecker","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"671","article-title":"Reslizumab (Cinqair) for eosinophilic asthma","volume":"96","author":"Bondar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26033","article-title":"Dupilumab in children with moderate\u2010to\u2010severe asthma: a cost utility analysis","volume":"57","author":"Buend\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-018-0702-4","article-title":"Liberty asthma QUEST: phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study to evaluate dupilumab efficacy\/safety in patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma","volume":"35","author":"Busse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2024.2326480","article-title":"Dupilumab in real-life settings: a review of adverse events and their pathogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Camela","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2020.100502","article-title":"Biologics and global burden of asthma: a worldwide portrait and a call for action","volume":"14","author":"Caminati","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.09.021","article-title":"Dupilumab efficacy in uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe allergic asthma in the phase 3 liberty asthma quest study","volume":"121","author":"Castro","year":"","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy, Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1804092","article-title":"Dupilumab efficacy and safety in moderate-to-severe uncontrolled asthma","volume":"378","author":"Castro","year":"","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2018.1446940","article-title":"Safety of humanized monoclonal antibodies against IL-5 in asthma: focus on reslizumab","volume":"17","author":"Cazzola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/12034754241290806","article-title":"Maternal, fetal, and labour outcomes of dupilumab use for atopic dermatitis during pregnancy: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Chopra","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.003","article-title":"Focused updates to the asthma management guidelines: a report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group","volume":"146","author":"Cloutier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114112","article-title":"The management of severe asthma in 2020","volume":"179","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1517\/eobt.3.2.371.21154","article-title":"Therapy of allergic bronchial asthma with omalizumab\u2013an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody","volume":"3","author":"D\u2019Amato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-01221-x","article-title":"Dupilumab: a review in moderate to severe asthma","volume":"79","author":"Deeks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2205982","article-title":"Dupilumab in adults and adolescents with eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"387","author":"Dellon","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B26","article-title":"LiverTox: clinical and research information on drug-induced liver injury","year":"2012","journal-title":"Natl. Inst. Diabetes Dig. Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00056-2023","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00056-2023","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of dupilumab in severe asthma by baseline oral corticosteroid dose","volume":"9","author":"Domingo","year":"2023","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"Dupixent: European Medicines Agency (EMA)\n          \n          \n          2017"},{"key":"B29","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Gade","year":"2024"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4624","article-title":"Targeting key proximal drivers of type 2 inflammation in disease","volume":"15","author":"Gandhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.6328","article-title":"The psychosocial burden associated with and effective treatment approach for atopic dermatitis: a literature review","volume":"20","author":"Ghani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2018.02.032","article-title":"Protein A affinity chromatography of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture broths containing biopharmaceutical monoclonal antibody (mAb): experiments and mechanistic transport, binding and equilibrium modeling","volume":"1083","author":"Grom","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13954","article-title":"Dupilumab suppresses type 2 inflammatory biomarkers across multiple atopic, allergic diseases","volume":"51","author":"Hamilton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy J. Br. Soc. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.016","article-title":"The basic immunology of asthma","volume":"184","author":"Hammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900588","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00588-2019","article-title":"Management of severe asthma: a European Respiratory Society\/American Thoracic Society guideline","volume":"55","author":"Holguin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01679-2","article-title":"Tezepelumab: first approval","volume":"82","author":"Hoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B37","volume-title":"PubChem Compound Summary for dupilumab","year":"2025"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-020-00926-3","article-title":"Safety of eosinophil-depleting therapy for severe, eosinophilic asthma: focus on benralizumab","volume":"43","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9969","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.9969","article-title":"Discovery and characterization of unusual o\u2010linked glycosylation of IgG4 antibody using LC\u2010MS","volume":"39","author":"Janecki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200058","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0058-2020","article-title":"Management of severe asthma: summary of the European Respiratory Society\/American Thoracic Society task force report","volume":"16","author":"Khurana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breathe"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-023-00750-1","article-title":"Type 2 chronic inflammatory diseases: targets, therapies and unmet needs","volume":"22","author":"Kolkhir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00309-2020","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00309-2020","article-title":"Identification and treatment of T2-low asthma in the era of biologics","volume":"7","author":"Kyriakopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14151","article-title":"Dual blockade of IL\u20104 and IL\u201013 with dupilumab, an IL\u20104R\u03b1 antibody, is required to broadly inhibit type 2 inflammation","volume":"75","author":"Le","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12038","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.12038","article-title":"Anaphylactic risk related to omalizumab, benralizumab, reslizumab, mepolizumab, and dupilumab","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Allergy"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.798","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of dupilumab in healthy adult subjects","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Drug Dev."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16537","article-title":"Head-to-head comparison of biologic efficacy in asthma: what have we learned?","volume":"80","author":"Lipworth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02037-0","article-title":"Anti-IL-5 pathway agents in eosinophilic-associated disorders across the lifespan","volume":"84","author":"Lombardi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2019.03.010","article-title":"Biologics for asthma and risk of infection: cause for concern?","volume":"39","author":"Lopes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513417","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1513417","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis in the \u201catopic march\u201d: dupilumab as an \u201cumbrella\u201d strategy for multiple coexisting atopic diseases","volume":"11","author":"Lutzu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2020.01.002","article-title":"Dupilumab: basic aspects and applications to allergic diseases","volume":"69","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13899","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13899","article-title":"Dupilumab: mechanism of action, clinical, and translational science","volume":"17","author":"McCann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622316659863","article-title":"Mepolizumab for severe refractory eosinophilic asthma: evidence to date and clinical potential","volume":"7","author":"Menzella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034975","article-title":"Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma","volume":"384","author":"Menzies-Gow","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RCT3783","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2019.rct3783","article-title":"Dupilumab (DPL) efficacy in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) with\/without nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drug-exacerbated respiratory disease (NSAID-ERD): SINUS-24, SINUS-52 trials","volume":"54","author":"Mullol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B55","volume-title":"Dupilumab for treating severe asthma with type 2 inflammation","author":"NifHaC","year":"2021"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900491","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00491-2019","article-title":"Asthma progression and mortality: the role of inhaled corticosteroids","volume":"54","author":"O'Byrne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13561-024-00532-4","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of dupilumab among patients with uncontrolled severe asthma using LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST Korean data","volume":"14","author":"Oh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Econ. Rev."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851940","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.851940","article-title":"Interleukins 4 and 13 in asthma: key pathophysiologic cytokines and druggable molecular targets","volume":"13","author":"Pelaia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276340","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1276340","article-title":"Parasitic infections related to anti-type 2 immunity monoclonal antibodies: a disproportionality analysis in the food and drug administration\u2019s adverse event reporting system (FAERS)","volume":"14","author":"Pera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A118","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2024-BTSabstracts.179","article-title":"P18 real-world experience of dupilumab for the treatment of severe asthma in the United Kingdom: a retrospective study","volume":"79","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207641","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1207641","article-title":"Biologic drugs in the treatment of chronic inflammatory pulmonary diseases: recent developments and future perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Plichta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1804093","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in glucocorticoid-dependent severe asthma","volume":"378","author":"Rabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202109-2205PP","article-title":"Global initiative for asthma strategy 2021: executive summary and rationale for key changes","volume":"205","author":"Reddel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B64","volume-title":"Dupixent (dupilumab) injection, for subcutaneous use: full prescribing information","year":"2025"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2024.16.4.372","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of dupilumab in patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma recruited from Korean centers: a subgroup analysis of the phase 3 LIBERTY ASTHMA TRAVERSE trial","volume":"16","author":"Rhee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy, Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9091096","article-title":"The role of dupilumab in severe asthma","volume":"9","author":"Ricciardolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B67","volume-title":"Mabs for treating asthma: omalizumab, mepolizumab, reslizumab, benralizumab, dupilumab","author":"Ridolo","year":"2020"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2018.1449642","article-title":"Dupilumab for treatment of atopic dermatitis","volume":"11","author":"Seegr\u00e4ber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-024-01297-x","article-title":"Direct glycosylation analysis of intact monoclonal antibodies combining ESI MS of glycoforms and MALDI-in source decay MS of glycan fragments","volume":"7","author":"Senini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Chem."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0768-3","article-title":"Dupilumab: first global approval","volume":"77","author":"Shirley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5462","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.600973","article-title":"The S228P mutation prevents in vivo and in vitro IgG4 Fab-arm exchange as demonstrated using a combination of novel quantitative immunoassays and physiological matrix preparation","volume":"290","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.0c00036","article-title":"Interlaboratory study for characterizing monoclonal antibodies by top-down and middle-down mass spectrometry","volume":"31","author":"Srzentic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S223402","article-title":"Parasitic (helminthic) infection while on asthma biologic treatment: not everything is what it seems","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"B74","volume-title":"Biologic therapies for treatment of asthma associated with type 2 inflammation: effectiveness, value, and value-based price benchmarks","author":"Tice","year":"2018"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2021.1996596","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of dupilumab among patients with oral corticosteroid-dependent uncontrolled severe asthma in Japan","volume":"59","author":"Tohda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.17458","article-title":"Novel drugs approved by the EMA, the FDA and the MHRA in 2024: a year in review","volume":"182","author":"Topouzis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii84","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez570","article-title":"Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis: understanding the disease and its management","volume":"59","author":"Trivioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B78","volume-title":"Pharmacology\/toxicology Review(s) for dupixent (dupilumab)","author":"UsfaD","year":"2016"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00230-8","article-title":"2023 GINA report for asthma","volume":"11","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12702","article-title":"Type 2 innate lymphoid cells in the induction and resolution of tissue inflammation","volume":"286","author":"Wallrapp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00322-2","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of dupilumab in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma (TRAVERSE): an open-label extension study","volume":"10","author":"Wechsler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30307-5","article-title":"Dupilumab efficacy and safety in adults with uncontrolled persistent asthma despite use of medium-to-high-dose inhaled corticosteroids plus a long-acting \u03b22 agonist: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled pivotal phase 2b dose-ranging trial","volume":"388","author":"Wenzel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304048","article-title":"Dupilumab in persistent asthma with elevated eosinophil levels","volume":"368","author":"Wenzel","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2546","volume-title":"NICE approves monoclonal antibody dupilumab for severe asthma","author":"Wise","year":"2021"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-023-00823-1","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of biologics for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in Canada","volume":"19","author":"Yong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02320-9","article-title":"Dupilumab in patients with prurigo nodularis: two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials","volume":"29","author":"Yosipovitch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.05.010","article-title":"T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation, type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) development and regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 production","volume":"75","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1631321\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T05:32:21Z","timestamp":1754458341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1631321\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2025.1631321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1631321","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"article-number":"1631321"}}