{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:20:13Z","timestamp":1788402013050,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Jatropha mollissima (Pohl.) Baill is a traditional medicinal plant reputed for its hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties. However, its potential cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, both\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n , remain underexplored.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim of the study<\/jats:title>\n \n This study conducted a series of\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n experiments to determine the cardioprotective properties and anti-inflammatory effect of the aqueous-methanolic leaf extract of\n J. mollissima<\/jats:italic>\n . Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, thrombolytic, anticoagulant, antioxidant, vasorelaxant, anti-inflammatory, and calcium channel-blocking activities were determined.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n The study involves a phytochemical evaluation, along with HPLC analysis. The antioxidant activities of the\n J. mollissima<\/jats:italic>\n extract were determined using\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n assays, including DPPH, SOD, NO, and H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n .\n In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n anticoagulants, antithrombolytic agents, vasorelaxants, and biochemical assays were performed to determine Jm\u2019s protective effect. Cardiac inflammatory markers (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-10) were evaluated via real-time PCR. Doxorubicin was used as the positive control.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In an in-vitro anticoagulant experiment,\n J. mollissima<\/jats:italic>\n displayed a substantial increase in activated partial thromboplastin, prothrombin, and clotting time in a dose-dependent manner (20%, 10%, and 5% dilutions) compared with heparin (250\u00a0IU\/mg) and distilled water. While in-vivo anticoagulant experiment showed a substantial increment in clotting time, prothrombin time, bleeding time, and activated partial thromboplastin time in a dose-dependent manner (25\u00a0mg\/kg, 50\u00a0mg\/kg, and 100\u00a0mg\/kg) in rats after 1-week of treatment in comparison with heparin (50\u00a0IU\/mg) and distilled water. For the thrombolytic (\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n ) experiments, dose-dependent (20%, 10%, and 5% dilutions) significant (p &lt; 0.05) clot lysis was observed compared to streptokinase (30,000\u00a0IU) and distilled water. For antioxidant activity, doxorubicin (intraperitoneally at 10\u00a0mg\/kg at 0\u00a0days) was given, blood samples were extracted (at 21st day) to determine cardiac damage by measuring DPPH, SOD, NO, CK-MB, LDH, Troponin I, serum sodium, and serum potassium in which aqueous-methanolic extract in a dose-dependent manner (600 and 400\u00a0mg\/kg dilutions) displayed significant (p &lt; 0.005\u20130.000) decrease in serum level. The cardiac weight-to-body weight ratio showed significant resistance to necrosis caused by the doxorubicin-induced toxic group. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, mandelic acid, quercetin, pyrogallol, and rutin. Gene expression analysis revealed that Jm reduced proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6) and upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, with effects comparable to those of doxorubicin.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Thus, the anticoagulant, antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and thrombolytic properties of\n J. mollissima<\/jats:italic>\n are attributed to the presence of various phytochemical constituents, which may act on multiple factors. Its beneficial actions are attributed to the modulation of oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory pathways, suggesting its therapeutic potential in managing cardiotoxicity and other complications.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1634378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T05:59:28Z","timestamp":1757311168000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of the protective effect of aqueous-methanolic leaf extract of Jatropha mollissima (Pohl.) 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