{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:08:16Z","timestamp":1792451296881,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethnopharmacological relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Mylabris<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\u201c\u6591\u8765\u2019\u2019), derived from the dried bodies of the Chinese blister beetles\n                      <jats:italic>Mylabris phalerata<\/jats:italic>\n                      Pallas and\n                      <jats:italic>Mylabris cichorii<\/jats:italic>\n                      Linnaeus, which has the effect of breaking blood and chasing blood stasis (\u201c\u7834\u8840\u9010\u7600\u201d), dispersing knots and eliminating symptoms (\u201c\u6563\u7ed3\u6d88\u7665\u201d), and attacking poison and eroding sores (\u201c\u653b\u6bd2\u8680\u75ae\u201d).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review provides the firstly comprehensive summary of mylabris, covering its biological characteristics, chemical composition, pharmacological, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A systematic literature search was conducted in databases (\u201cWeb of Science\u201d, \u201cPubMed\u201d, \u201cGoogle Scholar\u201d, \u201cCNKI\u201d, and \u201cWanFang\u201d) using the following query (\u201c\n                      <jats:italic>Mylabris phalerata<\/jats:italic>\n                      Pallas\u201d OR \u201c\n                      <jats:italic>Mylabris cichorii<\/jats:italic>\n                      Linnaeus\u201d OR \u201cMylabris\u201d OR \u201cBanmao\u201d OR \u201cCantharidin\u201d) AND (\u201cPharmacology\u201d OR \u201cToxicity\u201d OR \u201cPharmacokinetics\u201d OR \u201cMarketed drugs\u201d), to identify literature published between 2000 and 2025, focus on referring to 2015\u20132025. Articles with methodological defects (e.g., sample size less than 5 per group, no standardized purity detection method used), incomplete data (e.g., no access to the original literature, lack of key data values), and ethical problems (no declaration of ethical approval) were excluded. Online websites were also used, including\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/ydz.chp.org.cn\/#\/main<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      (Chinese Pharmacopoeia),\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.nmpa.gov.cn\/datasearch\/home-index.html#category=yp<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      (National Medical Products Administration), to obtain information on mylabris- or cantharidin-marketed drugs. Chemical structures in SMILES format were retrieved from the PubChem, and two-dimensional chemical structures were generated using ChemDraw 22.0.0.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The major components of\n                      <jats:italic>mylabris<\/jats:italic>\n                      include terpenoids, metallic elements, fatty acids, and peptides. Pharmacological research have demonstrated its anticancer, antithrombotic, and antiviral effects in preclinical study, as well as insecticidal and antifungal in agriculture. Cantharidin is considered to be the main active and toxic component, which can cause gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and respiratory toxicity if used improperly. Pharmacokinetic studies reveal that orally cantharidin predominantly accumulates in the liver and kidneys, exhibiting strong irritancy and low bioavailability. Given its therapeutic efficacy, researchers have also developed various mylabris and cantharidin-based drugs in clinical setting.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mylabris has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for millennia. Now, it treats various diseases and shows development potential. Future studies should focus on four key aspects: comprehensive characterization of active components, elucidation of pharmacological mechanisms, supplementation of pharmacokinetic data, and clarification of toxicological mechanisms. This paper reviews the research progress of mylabris, bridging traditional applications and modern investigations to advance contemporary research and evaluate its therapeutic potential for human diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1652857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:26:37Z","timestamp":1762323997000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mylabris: a review of its biological characteristics, chemical composition, pharmacological, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and marketed drugs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinghong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaxin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2005.22401.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and impact of childhood molluscum contagiosum: a case series and critical review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Braue","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.13802\/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2008.01.008","article-title":"Inhibition of cantharidin and demethylcantharidin to seven phytopathogenic fungi","author":"Cao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta. Phytophy Sin."},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Study on the potential active components and mechanism of aidi injection in the treatment of primary hepatic carcinoma based on network pharmacology","author":"Chai","year":"2023"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2009.09.003","article-title":"Norcantharidin is a small-molecule synthetic compound with anti-angiogenesis effect","volume":"85","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Life. Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4267","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity of cantharidin is associated with the altered bile acid metabolism","volume":"42","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-018-1226-6","article-title":"Bioassay-guided isolation of cantharidin from blister beetles and its anticancer activity through inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated STAT3 and Akt pathways","volume":"72","author":"Chun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-0858.2009.02.008","article-title":"Safety evaluation of animal-origin pesticide cantharidin against some non-target organisms","volume":"31","author":"Cui","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.3321\/j.issn:1001-5302.2009.16.021","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cantharidin in beagle dogs","volume":"34","author":"Dang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2174\/092986713804806711","article-title":"Cantharidin as an Antitumor agent: a retrospective review","volume":"20","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2017.08.034","article-title":"Cantharidin derivatives from the medicinal insect Mylabris phalerata","volume":"73","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13070489","article-title":"Antiparasitic effects of potentially toxic beetles (Tenebrionidae and Meloidae) from steppe zones","volume":"13","author":"D\u00edaz-Navarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B12","volume-title":"The mechanism of cantharidin induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells","author":"Du","year":"2019"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5172","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.5172","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of cantharidin after oral administration of aqueous extracts from mylabris in rats","volume":"35","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2007.07.001","article-title":"From traditional Chinese medicine to rational cancer therapy","volume":"13","author":"Efferth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1126\/science.184.4140.996","article-title":"Defensive use by an insect of a plant resin","volume":"184","author":"Eisner","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.13412\/j.cnki.zyyl.2018.05.037","article-title":"The historical cognition and evaluation of mylabris toxicity","volume":"34","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Clin. Chin. Mater. Medica."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5920","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20175920","article-title":"Cantharidin suppressed breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell growth and migration by inhibiting MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"50","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.12360\/CPB202209015","article-title":"Regulation of platelet function by cantharidin via PI3K\/Akt\/PKC pathway","volume":"39","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Pharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.13748\/j.cnki.issn1007-7693.2022.24.020","article-title":"Research advances of mylabris-induced hepatorenal toxicity in recent years","volume":"39","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mod. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.13748\/j.cnki.issn1007-7693.20232191","article-title":"Liver injury induced by cantharidin through endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and apoptosis in rat","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mod. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03041-7","article-title":"Integrative approach using network pharmacology, bioinformatics, and experimental methods to explore the mechanism of cantharidin in treating colorectal cancer","volume":"397","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedeb. Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2014.2428","article-title":"Cantharidin induces apoptosis of H460 human lung cancer cells through mitochondria-dependent pathways","volume":"45","author":"Hsia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.21986","article-title":"Cantharidin induces DNA damage and inhibits DNA repair-associated protein levels in NCI-H460 human lung cancer cells","volume":"30","author":"Hsia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5989","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.11187","article-title":"Cantharidin impairs cell migration and invasion of human lung cancer NCI-H460 cells via UPA and MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"36","author":"Hsia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/838651","article-title":"Norcantharidin, derivative of cantharidin, for cancer stem cells. Evid. Based","volume":"2013","author":"Hsieh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2017.07.040","article-title":"Inhibition of protein phosphatase 5 suppresses non-small cell lung cancer through AMP-Activated kinase activation","volume":"112","author":"Hsieh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2011.922","article-title":"Cantharidin induces G2\/M phase arrest and apoptosis in human colorectal cancer colo 205 cells through inhibition of CDK1 activity and caspase-dependent signaling pathways","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tov057","article-title":"Lethal and sublethal effects of cantharidin on development and reproduction of Plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae)","volume":"108","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(96)90158-8","article-title":"Poisoning from \u201cSpanish fly\u201d (Cantharidin)","volume":"14","author":"Karras","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28713","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.488346","article-title":"The natural compound cantharidin induces cancer cell death through inhibition of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and Bcl-2-associated athanogene domain 3 (BAG3) expression by blocking heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) binding to promoters","volume":"288","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114073","article-title":"Aidi injection induces apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through the mitochondrial pathway","volume":"274","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.4684","article-title":"Cantharidin inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis through G2\/M phase cell cycle arrest in hepatocellular carcinoma stem cells","volume":"35","author":"Le","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"The effect of cantharides on bone marrow cells in mouse and its regulatory mechanism","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.13193\/j.issn.1673-7717.2025.05.037","article-title":"Research progress on processing history evolution, chemical constituents and pharmacological action of Chinese blister beetle","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Arch. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.16380\/j.kcxb.2007.07.001","article-title":"Contents and existing forms of cantharidin in Meloidae(Coleoptera)","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Entomol. Sin."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2018.8733","article-title":"Tumor angiogenesis and anti-angiogenic gene therapy for cancer","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1000-3614.2020.03.012","article-title":"Effect of cantharidin on neointimal hyperplasia after carotid balloon injury in rats","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Circ. J."},{"key":"B38","first-page":"659","article-title":"Clinical toxicity mechanism and rescue measures of highly toxic traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Arch. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-024-00732-y","article-title":"Lipidomics reveals serum lipid metabolism disorders in CTD-induced liver injury","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bmc. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2822","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28062822","article-title":"Five new cantharidin derivatives from the insect Mylabris cichorii L. and their potential against kidney fibrosis in vitro","volume":"28","author":"Li.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Basel Switz."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867330666221103151537","article-title":"Exploring cantharidin and its analogues as anticancer agents: a review","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.15958\/j.cnki.sdnyswxb.2013.02.001","article-title":"Chemical constituents of Ethyl acetate fraction of Mylabris phalerata","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mt. Agric. Biol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-1256.2018.08.002","article-title":"Influence of cantharidin on proliferation and apoptosis of malignant melanoma A375 cells and its mechanism","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. QIqihar. Med. Univ."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001-1528.2019.03.046","article-title":"Overview of the research on the national medicinal research of cantharides and its related species","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Pat. Med."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4022","article-title":"Cantharidin-induced LO2 cell autophagy and apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in vitro","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2024.116921","article-title":"Network toxicology, molecular docking technology, and experimental verification revealed the mechanism of cantharidin-induced testicular injury in mice","volume":"486","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.13422\/j.cnki.syfjx.20231712","article-title":"Characteristics and analysis of animal-derived drugs in 2020 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. From."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.15958\/j.cnki.sdnyswxb.2014.02.018","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of cantharidin on proliferation of prostate cancer PC- 3 cells","volume":"33","author":"Lou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mt. Agric. Biol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.6054\/j.jscnun.2018061","article-title":"Study on the differences of metal elements in cantharides from different regions and varieties","volume":"50","author":"Lou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. South China Normal Univ. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117209","article-title":"The anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effect of aidi injection was related to the synergistic action of cantharidin, formononetin, and isofraxidin through BIRC5, FEN1, and EGFR","volume":"319","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B51","first-page":"4293","article-title":"Study on preferred food of adult Mylabris phalerata in different geographical populations","volume":"39","author":"Mo","year":"2014","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Mater. Medica."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13639","article-title":"Norcantharidin enhances antitumor immunity of GM \u2010 CSF prostate cancer cells vaccine by inducing apoptosis of regulatory T cells","volume":"109","author":"Mo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer. Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.137.10.1357","article-title":"Cantharidin revisited: a blistering defense of an ancient medicine","volume":"137","author":"Moed","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12105","article-title":"Beetle juice: a guide for the use of cantharidin in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum","volume":"26","author":"Moye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4566","article-title":"Downregulation of c FLIP and upregulation of DR 5 by cantharidin sensitizes TRAIL mediated apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via autophagy flux","volume":"46","author":"Nazim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00590","article-title":"Breaking glucose transporter 1\/Pyruvate kinase M2 glycolytic loop is required for cantharidin inhibition of metastasis in highly metastatic breast cancer","volume":"10","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-020-00338-6","article-title":"Insight into norcantharidin, a small-molecule synthetic compound with potential multi-target anticancer activities","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133497","article-title":"Avoiding cantharidin through ionotropic receptors","volume":"466","author":"Pradhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"B59","first-page":"195","article-title":"Biological-chemical profiling of in vitro and in vivo bioactive compounds from traditional Chinese medicines with holistic views","volume":"41","author":"Qi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. China. Pharm. Univ."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1000-3614.2019.05.015","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of cantharidin on rat vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation and migration by blocking NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"34","author":"Qiu","year":"","journal-title":"Chin. Circ. J."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-0126.2019.01.015","article-title":"Mechanism of cantharidin underlying proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells induced by PDGF-BB","volume":"21","author":"Qiu","year":"","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geriatr. Heart. Brain. Vessel. Dis."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2011.05.007","article-title":"Insect natural products and processes: new treatments for human disease","volume":"41","author":"Ratcliffe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Insect biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4082","DOI":"10.7501\/j.issn.0253-2670.2020.15.029","article-title":"Historical evolution in processing and some problems in modern research of mylabris","volume":"51","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1007\/s13744-024-01164-3","article-title":"Cantharidin: a multiporpuse beetlejuice","volume":"53","author":"Safenraiter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neotrop. Entomol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021179","article-title":"Cantharidin and its analogue norcantharidin inhibit metastasis-inducing genes S100A4 and MACC1","volume":"24","author":"Sch\u00f6pe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.139770","article-title":"Evaluation of sodium cantharidinate\/vitamin B6 in the treatment of primary liver cancer","volume":"10","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84610","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084610","article-title":"Norcantharidin induced DU145 cell apoptosis through ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and energy depletion","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS. ONE."},{"key":"B68","volume-title":"Study on quality control methods and toxicokinetics of mylabris and its preparations","author":"Song","year":"2014"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.108939","article-title":"Cantharidin suppresses gastric cancer cell migration\/invasion by inhibiting the PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway via CCAT1","volume":"1","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X15500366","article-title":"Cantharidin induces apoptosis through the Calcium\/PKC-Regulated endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in human bladder cancer cells","volume":"43","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0168095","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168095","article-title":"Cantharidin induced oral squamous cell carcinoma cell apoptosis via the JNK-regulated mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related signaling pathways","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS. ONE."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.13422\/j.cnki.syfjx.20181618","article-title":"Synergistic effect of cantharidin and pemetrexed on HCT116 colorectal cancer cells","volume":"24","author":"Sui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2016.0023","article-title":"Cantharidin overcomes imatinib resistance by depleting BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cells."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-018-0375-4","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of topical cantharidin treatment for molluscum contagiosum and warts: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Vakharia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-017-9562-9","article-title":"Tumor angiogenesis and vascular normalization: alternative therapeutic targets","volume":"20","author":"Viallard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angiogecnesis"},{"key":"B76","volume-title":"Research on insecticidal technology of the cantharidin and its derivatives","author":"Wang","year":"2014"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.139771","article-title":"Treatment of mid-late stage NSCLC using sodium cantharidinate\/vitamin B6\/GP regimen in clinic","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cancer. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-014-0383-8","article-title":"Cantharidin inhibits angiogenesis by suppressing VEGF-Induced JAK1\/STAT3, ERK and AKT signaling pathways","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170414165253","article-title":"Overview of cantharidin and its analogues","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.04.013","article-title":"Aidi injection plus platinum-based chemotherapy for stage IIIB\/IV non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis of 42 RCTs following the PRISMA guidelines","volume":"221","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9386273","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9386273","article-title":"Disodium cantharidinate and vitamin B6 injection adjunct with platinum-based chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis","volume":"2019","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.19656\/j.cnki.1002-2406.20221205","article-title":"Action mechanism and experimental verification of WBGSF in treating DN based on network pharmacology","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197071","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2197071","article-title":"Cantharidin inhibits proliferation of liver cancer by inducing DNA damage via KDM4A-Dependent histone H3K36 demethylation","volume":"2022","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/smrj.62","article-title":"Natural aphrodisiacs\u2014A review of selected sexual enhancers","volume":"3","author":"West","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex. Med. Rev."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.06.003","article-title":"Cantharidin-induced liver injuries in mice and the protective effect of vitamin C supplementation","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769037","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.769037","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of docetaxel and sodium cantharidinate combination vs. either agent alone as second-line treatment for advanced\/metastatic NSCLC with wild-type or unknown EGFR status: an open-Label, randomized controlled, prospective, multi-center phase III trial (Cando-L1)","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15643","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-4488-6","article-title":"Norcantharidin induces autophagy-related prostate cancer cell death through Beclin-1 upregulation by miR-129-5p suppression","volume":"37","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumor Biol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12761","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of sodium cantharidinate plus chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 38 randomized controlled trials","volume":"44","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2023.108520","article-title":"Cantharidin-induced toxic injury, oxidative stress, and autophagy attenuated by Astragalus polysaccharides in mouse testis","volume":"123","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"B90","volume-title":"The combination of cantharidin and anti-angiogenic therapeutics presents synergistic antitumor effects against pancreatic cancer","author":"Xu","year":"2019"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2018.08.007","article-title":"The radiotherapy-sensitization effect of cantharidin: mechanisms involving cell cycle regulation, enhanced DNA damage, and inhibited DNA damage repair","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6786","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27206786","article-title":"Development of glycyrrhetinic acid and folate modified cantharidin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for targeting hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Basel. Switz."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-023-03975-0","article-title":"Cantharidin suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma development by regulating EZH2\/H3K27me3-dependent cell cycle progression and antitumour immune response","volume":"18","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med. Ther."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114656","article-title":"Chinese patent medicine aidi injection for cancer care: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"282","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04483-y","article-title":"Cantharidin induces apoptosis of human triple negative breast cancer cells through mir-607-mediated downregulation of EGFR","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.16380\/j.kcxb.2010.11.010","article-title":"Biosynthesis transfer and biological function of cantharidin in blister beetles","volume":"53","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta. entamologica. Sin."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4003","article-title":"Cantharidin\u2010induced acute hepatotoxicity: the role of TNF\u2010\u03b1, IKK\u2010\u03b1, Bcl\u20102, bax and caspase3","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01321","article-title":"Cantharidin induces apoptosis and promotes differentiation of AML cells through nuclear receptor Nur77-Mediated signaling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.4268\/cjcmm20160516","article-title":"Chemical constituents from Mylabris phalerata and their cytotoxic activity in vitro","volume":"41","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Mater. Medica."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37394","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037394","article-title":"Norcantharidin in cancer therapy \u2013 a new approach to overcoming therapeutic resistance: a review","volume":"103","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Baltim."},{"key":"B101","volume-title":"Effect of cantharidin on radiosensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma A-549 cells","author":"Zhang","year":"2021"},{"key":"B102","volume-title":"Experimental research on toxicological pathology and molecular biology in cardiotoxicity of acute cantharidin poisoning in sprague dawley rats","author":"Zhang","year":"2022"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.3681","article-title":"Cantharidin modulates the E2F1\/MCM7-miR-106b-93\/p21-PTEN signaling axis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.13802\/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2000.04.013","article-title":"Effect of catharidin on the digestive enymes and esterases of diamondback moth larva","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta. phytophylacica. Sin."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2014.2611","article-title":"Cantharidin induces G2\/M phase arrest and apoptosis in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 and BGC-823 cells","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2018.05.007","article-title":"Cantharides poisoning: a retrospective analysis from 1996 to 2016 in China","volume":"96","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12069","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69118-4","article-title":"Biomarkers of myocardial injury in rats after cantharidin poisoning: application for postmortem diagnosis and estimation of postmortem interval","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3974","article-title":"Molecular biomarkers of cantharidin\u2010induced cardiotoxicity in sprague\u2010dawley rats: troponin T, vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia inducible factor\u20101\u03b1","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.12116\/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.04.021","article-title":"Research progress on multiple organ damage and mechanism of cantharidin poisoning","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Forensic. Med."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.06.029","article-title":"Cantharidin reverses multidrug resistance of human hepatoma HepG2\/ADM cells via down-regulation of P-glycoprotein expression","volume":"272","author":"Zheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer. Lett."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.7534\/j.issn.1009-2137.2015.03.043","article-title":"Effect of Norcantharidin on Hematopoietic Function in Leucopenia Model Rat Induced by Cyclophosphamide","volume":"23","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"B112","unstructured":"Jianding\n          \n          \n          2012"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21952","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021952","article-title":"Effect of sodium cantharidinate\/vitamin B6 injection on survival, liver function, immune function, and quality of life in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: protocol for a meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Baltim."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1652857\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:27:20Z","timestamp":1762324040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1652857\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"references-count":113,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2025.1652857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1652857","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"article-number":"1652857"}}