{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:24:24Z","timestamp":1787027064154,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allergic rhinitis (AR), a common IgE-mediated inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosa, presents with nasal itching, episodic sneezing, and runny nose. Emerging evidence indicates that type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are key players in AR development. Epithelial-derived alarmins (IL-33, IL-25, TSLP) activate ILC2s, leading to Th2 cytokine production (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) that enhances inflammation. Recent research shows that NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) can function as a transcriptional regulator of interleukin-33 (IL-33), offering new mechanistic insights into ILC2s dysregulation. Based on analysis and pharmacological validation of various effective components against AR, three compounds\u2014luteolin, calycosin, and formononetin\u2014have been identified as key ingredients due to their notable anti-inflammatory properties. This review systematically explores how these compounds regulate the NLRP3\/IL-33\/ILC2s signaling pathway, laying the groundwork for developing targeted AR treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1658772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T05:34:10Z","timestamp":1758864850000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The regulatory effects of luteolin, calycosin, and formononetin on the NLRP3\/IL-33\/ILC2s axis in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: mechanistic analysis and therapeutic potential"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Meng","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochun","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuwei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Detang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123747","article-title":"Trimetazidine improves dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance and associated hepatic abnormalities in rats","volume":"375","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8100430","article-title":"Formononetin upregulates Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling and prevents oxidative stress, inflammation, and kidney injury in methotrexate-induced rats","volume":"8","author":"Aladaileh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.05.012","article-title":"IL-33 is more potent than IL-25 in provoking IL-13\u2013producing nuocytes (type 2 innate lymphoid cells) and airway contraction","volume":"132","author":"Barlow","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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