{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T06:11:25Z","timestamp":1760076685676,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 2024 global cryptococcosis treatment guidelines suggests that fluconazole (FLC) combined with liposomal amphotericin B (AMB) and 5-flucytosine (5-FC) as the mainstay of treatment for systemic cryptococcosis. Although this 2024 guidelines also list recommend voriconazole (VRC), posaconazole (POS), and isavuconazole (ISA) as alternatives to FLC during the consolidation and maintenance phases, current data on distributions of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of global <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> isolates for antifungals\u2014and studies evaluating the application of their pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles and pharmacodynamic (PD) indices in the treatment of systemic cryptococcosis\u2014remain limited. To optimize antifungal dosing, integration of global MIC distributions for <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> isolates with PK\/PD parameters for key antifungal agents is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study analyzed the MIC distributions from the 2010\u20132023 antifungal Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance database, and determined epidemiological cutoff values for major <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority of invasive <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> isolates were classified as wild-type strains (&amp;gt;90%). We analyzed PK profiles (particularly central nervous system [CNS] penetration from the bloodstream), PD indices of antifungals (azoles and AMB) against yeasts. Based on 25 studies clearly describing PK\u2013PD relationships, FLC and VRC were considered optimal choices because of superior CNS penetration. The optimal dose of FLC is 800\u20131,200\u00a0mg\/day, whereas dosages of VRC and ISA do not require adjustment. Nevertheless, therapeutic drug monitoring for VRC is warranted during its prescription due to significant variability in plasma concentrations influenced by multiple factors. POS is not suitable for induction therapy in systemic cryptococcosis. Additionally, ISA is preferred over POS for consolidation therapy for <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> meningitis\/meningoencephalitis (MME) based on differences in their PK profiles. Furthermore, a single 10\u00a0mg\/kg dose of liposomal AMB\u2014a cost-effective strategy\u2014should be combined with 1,200\u00a0mg\/day FLC and 5-FC, or alternatively VRC, as an effective induction-phase regimen for treating <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> MME.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diverging from the 2024 guidelines, this study provides novel insights into the treatment of <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> MME based on MIC distributions and PK-PD indices for antifungal agents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1665253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T05:29:13Z","timestamp":1760074153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing antifungal dosing for invasive Cryptococcus infections: minimum inhibitory concentration distributions and pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic insights from 2010\u20132023 Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance data"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chia-Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Cheng","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Chung","family":"Hsueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Jen","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Lun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po-Ren","family":"Hsueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shio-Shin","family":"Jean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5321","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00549-12","article-title":"In vitro pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic modeling of voriconazole activity against Aspergillus species in a new in vitro dynamic model","volume":"56","author":"Al-Saigh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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