{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T13:51:16Z","timestamp":1765288276349,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Seven species of\n                    <jats:italic>Elsholtzia<\/jats:italic>\n                    from upper northern Thailand were ethnobotanically surveyed, and the plant parts utilized by local communities were collected for chemical analysis and antiglycation activity evaluation. The 80% methanol extracts were concentrated and analyzed for total soluble phenolic content using the Folin\u2013Ciocalteu reagent, and phytochemical profiling was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) against standard phenolic compounds. In addition, the extracts were investigated for antiglycation activity using the methylglyoxal (MGO)-BSA method, with aminoguanidine as a positive control. According to the ethnobotanical survey, the seven\n                    <jats:italic>Elsholtzia<\/jats:italic>\n                    species were traditionally used as food, medicine, and insect repellents by seven ethnic groups: Akha, Hmong, Karen, Lawa, Lisu, Tai Lue, and Tai Yai. Most species were cultivated and commonly found in agricultural areas, including upland rice fields and home gardens. HPLC analysis identified three major phenolic compounds\u2014rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid, and luteolin\u2014showing species- and plant part-specific variations. The leaf extract of\n                    <jats:italic>E. beddomei<\/jats:italic>\n                    contained the highest rosmarinic acid (667.9 mg\/100\u00a0g),\n                    <jats:italic>E. griffithii<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited the highest ferulic acid (2.25\u00a0mg\/100\u00a0g), and luteolin was detected exclusively in\n                    <jats:italic>E. stachyodes<\/jats:italic>\n                    (15.4\u00a0mg\/100\u00a0g). Consistently,\n                    <jats:italic>E. beddomei<\/jats:italic>\n                    also had the highest total phenolic content (36.04\u00a0mg GAE\/g) and the strongest antiglycation activity, with an IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    value of 1.65\u00a0mg\/mL. The observed trend suggests that phenolic-rich extracts, particularly those with elevated rosmarinic acid content, are strongly associated with enhanced anti-glycation potential. These findings validate local ethnobotanical practices and highlight the species-specific potential of\n                    <jats:italic>Elsholtzia<\/jats:italic>\n                    as sources of bioactive compounds, supporting their further development for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1673250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T13:47:30Z","timestamp":1765288050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethnobotany, chemical analysis, and antiglycation activity of Elsholtzia species from Northern Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Angkhana","family":"Inta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pitchaya","family":"Mungkornasawakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lalida","family":"Shank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wittaya","family":"Pongamornkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinxian","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruyu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698956","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.698956","article-title":"Rosmarinic acid: modes of action, medicinal values and health-promoting benefits in humans and animals","volume":"12","author":"Alagawany","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.07.042","article-title":"Phenolic compounds in plants and agri-industrial by-products: antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses","volume":"99","author":"Balasundram","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/10408399709527797","article-title":"The chemistry of tea flavonoids","volume":"37","author":"Balentine","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3767\/000651915x688696","article-title":"Elsholtzia (lamiaceae) in Thailand","volume":"59","author":"Bongcheewin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blumea J. Plant Taxonomy Plant Geogr."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"273","article-title":"Ethnobotany of lua in numpae village, Bo klua District, Nan Province","volume":"47","author":"Brikut","year":"2019","journal-title":"KKU Sci. J."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115549","article-title":"Elsholtzia: a genus with antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory advantages","volume":"297","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6910","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020665f","article-title":"Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common vegetables","volume":"50","author":"Chu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.34172\/jhp.2024.51498","article-title":"In vitro antiglycation and antioxidant properties of ethanolic extracts of ficus botryocarpa and F. racemosa fruits","volume":"13","author":"Cushnie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Herbmed Pharmacol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.585","article-title":"Mass spectrometry in the structural analysis of flavonoids","volume":"39","author":"Cuyckens","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934578X231192213","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578x231192213","article-title":"Phenolic constituents of Elsholtzia blanda benth","volume":"18","author":"Dung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Product. Commun."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.11.048","article-title":"High-performance liquid chromatography separation and quantitative determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids from herb Lycopus europaeus","volume":"1187","author":"Fecka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chmed.2024.05.001","article-title":"Comprehensive summary of material basis - laying a foundation for substances of medicine food homology development","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00235-1","article-title":"Advances in flavonoid research since 1992","volume":"55","author":"Harborne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-025-00634-w","article-title":"Anticancer activity of Elsholtzia winitiana var. dongvanensis phuong on gastric cancer cells: phytochemical profiling, cell proliferation inhibition, senescence induction, and cell cycle arrest","volume":"14","author":"Hoang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C630","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2010.01756.x","article-title":"Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Euryale ferox salisb. seeds","volume":"75","author":"Hossain","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.12.015","article-title":"A comparative study on medicinal plants used in Akha\u2019s traditional medicine in China and Thailand, cultural coherence or ecological divergence?","volume":"116","author":"Inta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42470","article-title":"Culinary and medicinal wonders of the wild: an ethnobotanical review of native herbs and spices in Thailand","volume":"11","author":"Inta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2012.11.008","article-title":"Bioactive flavonoids from the roots of Elsholtzia rugulosa hemsl","volume":"6","author":"Kaewnarin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"105","article-title":"Antioxidant and antiglycation activities of some edible and medicinal plants","volume":"41","author":"Kaewnarin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chiang Mai J. Sci."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"31","article-title":"Composition of essential oil of Elsholtzia ciliata (thunb.) Hyl. from the Novosibirsk region, Russia","volume":"1","author":"Korolyuk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Khimiya Rastitel\u2019noho Syr\u2019ya Chem. Plant Raw Mater."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-005-1566-4","article-title":"Role of phenolics in the resistance mechanisms of plants against fungal pathogens and insects","volume":"5","author":"Lattanzio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.12.044","article-title":"Reverse ethnopharmacology and drug discovery","volume":"198","author":"Leonti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.20307\/nps.2017.23.4.274","article-title":"Phenolic compounds from the leaves of Homonoia riparia and their inhibitory effects on advanced glycation end product formation","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Product. Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17109","DOI":"10.1038\/nplants.2017.109","article-title":"Demystifying traditional herbal medicine with modern approach","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.2174\/156800908786241050","article-title":"Luteolin, a flavonoid with potential for cancer prevention and therapy","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2413243","article-title":"Chemical complexity of food and implications for therapeutics","volume":"392","author":"Menichetti","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med. (N Engl J Med)"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"181","article-title":"Ethnobotany of Lawa in La-Oob Village, Mae La Noi District, Mae Hong Son Province","volume":"8","author":"Moonjai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thai J. Bot."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-022-00326-4","article-title":"Hmong medicinal plant knowledge transmission and retention in social modernity","volume":"50","author":"Nguanchoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.1873","article-title":"Ferulic acid: pharmaceutical functions, preparation and applications in foods","volume":"84","author":"Ou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55494-1_3","article-title":"Food from forest: diversity of wild vegetables used by Pwo people Thailand","volume-title":"Ethnobiology of mountain communities in Asia","author":"Panyadee","year":"2021"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700030","article-title":"Inhibition of advanced glycation end product formation by flavonoids and other phenolic compounds","volume":"51","author":"Peng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. and Food Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-9422(02)00513-7","article-title":"Rosmarinic acid","volume":"62","author":"Petersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12040571","article-title":"Boundaries are blurred: wild food plant knowledge circulation across the Polish-Lithuanian-Belarusian borderland","volume":"12","author":"Prakofjewa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. (Basel)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.04.069","article-title":"Different extraction methods for phenolic and volatile compounds recovery from Elsholtzia ciliata fresh and dried herbal materials","volume":"120","author":"Pudziuvelyte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Industrial Crops and Prod."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14021","DOI":"10.1038\/nplants.2014.21","article-title":"A reservoir of ethnobotanical knowledge informs resilient food security and health strategies in the balkans","volume":"1","author":"Quave","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2006.05.016","article-title":"Inhibitors of the maillard reaction and AGE breakers as therapeutics for multiple diseases","volume":"11","author":"Reddy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules13102628","article-title":"Anti-carcinogenic effects of the flavonoid luteolin","volume":"13","author":"Seelinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of phytochemicals and antioxidant capacities of ethanol extracts from different parts of Elsholtzia beddomei C.B.Clarke ex hook","volume":"32","author":"Sriraksa","year":"2024","journal-title":"f."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2008.01.017","article-title":"Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Nephelium lappaceum L. extracts","volume":"41","author":"Thitilertdecha","year":"2008","journal-title":"LWT \u2013 Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-873009","article-title":"Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis","volume":"7","author":"Treutter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2018.1534348","article-title":"Antiglycation activities of Spiraea formosana extracts and their major components","volume":"57","author":"Tsai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp3.10145","article-title":"Unlocking plant resources to support food security and promote sustainable agriculture","volume":"2","author":"Ulian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants, People, Planet"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24152689","article-title":"The antiglycoxidative ability of selected phenolic Compounds-An in vitro study","volume":"24","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chmed.2022.12.002","article-title":"\u2018Food and medicine continuum\u2019 in the east and west: old tradition and current regulation","volume":"15","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118573","article-title":"Medicinal plants used by minority ethnic groups in China: taxonomic diversity and conservation needs","volume":"334","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00049a007","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of various tea extracts in relation to their antimutagenicity","volume":"43","author":"Yen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119921","article-title":"Ferulic acid: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and derivatives","volume":"284","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2005.07.015","article-title":"Total phenolic contents and antioxidant properties of commonly consumed vegetables grown in Colorado","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"LWT - Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B52","first-page":"637","article-title":"The study of phenolic composition and acute toxicity, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of dry extractions of some Elsholtzia genus (Lamiaceae) species","volume":"2","author":"Zotsenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacology Online"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1673250\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T13:47:32Z","timestamp":1765288052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1673250\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2025.1673250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1673250","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"article-number":"1673250"}}