{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:12:44Z","timestamp":1792271564043,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ferulic acid (FA) is a natural phenolic compound that has demonstrated effectiveness against Huntington\u2019s disease (HD). However, its exact mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate FA\u2019s potential mechanism of action against 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP)-induced HD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adult male Wistar albino rats were administered FA orally (100\u00a0mg\/kg) for 3\u00a0weeks, and 3NP (10\u00a0mg\/kg) was intraperitoneally administered during the last 2\u00a0weeks to induce HD. Behavioral performance was assessed using the open field and hanging wire tests. Striatal tissue was analyzed using ELISA, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Administration of 3NP led to weight loss, neurobehavioral deficits, oxidative damage, apoptotic cell death, and neuroinflammation. FA treatment mitigated these pathological changes by activating Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling, a critical player in cellular redox balance. This beneficial effect was mirrored in restoring TAC levels and suppressing MDA. Moreover, FA suppressed TLR4\/NF-\u03baB inflammatory signaling, thereby reducing TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 levels. In addition, the anti-apoptotic properties of FA were confirmed by modulating SIRT1\/p53 signaling, leading to Bcl-2 enhancement and caspase-3 downsizing. Furthermore, FA enhanced neuronal survival and plasticity confirmed by neurotrophic BDNF elevation. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed improved neuronal survival and reduced gliosis following FA treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current research demonstrates that FA exhibits potent neuroprotective effects in experimental HD by modifying Nrf2\/HO-1, TLR4\/NF-\u03baB, and SIRT1\/p53 signaling pathways. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into FA\u2019s potential role in managing HD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1678724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T05:50:45Z","timestamp":1759297845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ferulic acid mitigates 3-Nitropropionic acid-induced Huntington\u2019s disease via modulation of Nrf2\/HO-1, TLR4\/NF-\u03baB, and SIRT1\/p53 signaling pathways"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Abdelgawad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallah M.","family":"Gendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameh S.","family":"Zaghlool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wessam H.","family":"Elesawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai F.","family":"Ragab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed I.","family":"Kotb El-Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaadin E.","family":"El-Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein S.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izzeddin","family":"Alsalahat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa A.","family":"Essa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9303-2","article-title":"Role of rho kinase inhibition in the protective effect of fasudil and simvastatin against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal neurodegeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction in rats","volume":"53","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.017","article-title":"Role of oxidative DNA damage in mitochondrial dysfunction and Huntington\u2019s disease pathogenesis","volume":"62","author":"Ayala-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X22666240530105516","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in Huntington\u2019s disease: neurobiology and therapeutic potential","volume":"23","author":"Azman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9070577","article-title":"Reactive species in Huntington disease: are they really the radicals you want to catch?","volume":"9","author":"Bono-Yag\u00fce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(81)90281-5","article-title":"\u201cWestern blotting\u201d: electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with antibody and radioiodinated protein A","volume":"112","author":"Burnette","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-01063-9","article-title":"Regulation of BDNF transcription by Nrf2 and MeCP2 ameliorates MPTP-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"8","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. death Discov."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1039\/c8fo01902a","article-title":"Ferulic acid regulates muscle fiber type formation through the Sirt1\/AMPK signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food & Funct."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.11.001","article-title":"Decreased association of the transcription factor Sp1 with genes downregulated in Huntington's disease","volume":"22","author":"Chen-Plotkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e839","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.839","article-title":"Toll\u2010like receptors in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutic potential","volume":"11","author":"Dabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.06.079","article-title":"Neuroprotective activity of tetramethylpyrazine against 3-nitropropionic acid induced Huntington\u2019s disease-like symptoms in rats","volume":"105","author":"Danduga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. & Pharmacother."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0055-0","article-title":"Targeting sirtuin-1 in Huntington\u2019s disease: rationale and current status","volume":"27","author":"Duan","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS drugs"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0203837","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203837","article-title":"Cilostazol disrupts TLR-4, Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2\/CREB, and IL-6\/JAK-2\/STAT-3\/SOCS-3 crosstalk in a rat model of Huntington's disease","volume":"13","author":"El-Abhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118076","article-title":"Dapagliflozin improves behavioral dysfunction of Huntington's disease in rats via inhibiting apoptosis-related glycolysis","volume":"257","author":"El-Sahar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01172-y","article-title":"Neuroprotective role of morin hydrate on 3-nitropropionic acid-elicited Huntington'S disease: in vivo investigation of RIPK1\/RIPK3\/MLKL necroptosis signaling pathway","volume":"31","author":"Elbaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57193-5_16","article-title":"Cell death mechanisms of neurodegeneration","volume":"15","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis. Pathology, Mech. potential Ther. targets"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2014.107","article-title":"Protopanaxtriol protects against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced oxidative stress in a rat model of Huntington's disease","volume":"36","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121317","article-title":"Glycyrrhizin prevents 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity by downregulating HMGB1\/TLR4\/NF-\u03baB p65 signaling, and attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rats","volume":"314","author":"Gendy","year":"","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113721","article-title":"New insights into the role of berberine against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal neurotoxicity: possible role of BDNF\u2013TrkB\u2013PI3K\/Akt and NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"175","author":"Gendy","year":"","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5444","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115444","article-title":"C60 fullerene reduces 3-nitropropionic acid-induced oxidative stress disorders and mitochondrial dysfunction in rats by modulation of p53, Bcl-2 and Nrf2 targeted proteins","volume":"22","author":"Gonchar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2310\/7010.2006.00055","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of childhood-onset (juvenile) Huntington disease: report of 12 patients and review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Gonzalez-Alegre","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. child neurology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.37349\/emed.2024.00208","article-title":"Insights on aspects of apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders: a comprehensive review","volume":"5","author":"Goyal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Explor. Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0344-2","article-title":"Bee venom ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced memory loss by preventing NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"12","author":"Gu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3672","article-title":"A neuroprotective role for sirtuin 1","volume":"11","author":"Harrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2014.08.014","article-title":"Polydatin promotes Nrf2-ARE anti-oxidative pathway through activating Sirt1 to resist AGEs-induced upregulation of fibronetin and transforming growth factor-\u03b21 in rat glomerular messangial cells","volume":"399","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-022-01004-z","article-title":"Diapocynin neuroprotective effects in 3-nitropropionic acid Huntington\u2019s disease model in rats: emphasis on Sirt1\/Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"30","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14080920","article-title":"The protective effect of thiamine and thiamine pyrophosphate against linezolid-induced oxidative liver damage and lactic acidosis in rats","volume":"14","author":"Isik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10101628","article-title":"Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of flavonols: targeting Nrf2, NF-\u03baB and p53 pathways in neurodegeneration","volume":"10","author":"Jazvin\u0161\u0107ak Jembrek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2558","article-title":"Neuroprotective role of Sirt1 in mammalian models of Huntington's disease through activation of multiple Sirt1 targets","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-024-06697-4","article-title":"Ferulic acid ameliorates bisphenol A (BPA)-induced Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathology through Akt-ERK crosstalk pathway in male rats","volume":"242","author":"Khalifa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2013-0262","article-title":"Neuroprotective efficacy of a combination of fish oil and ferulic acid against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in rats: behavioural and biochemical evidence","volume":"39","author":"Denny Joseph","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Physiology, Nutr. Metabolism"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15001","article-title":"Impact of neural stem cell\u2010derived extracellular vesicles on mitochondrial dysfunction, sirtuin 1 level, and synaptic deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"154","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-01934-1","article-title":"Ferulic acid ameliorates MPP+\/MPTP-induced oxidative stress via ERK1\/2-dependent Nrf2 activation: translational implications for Parkinson disease treatment","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119921","article-title":"Ferulic acid: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and derivatives","volume":"284","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.02.007","article-title":"Ferulic acid inhibits neuro-inflammation in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-021-00973-3","article-title":"Ferulic acid inhibits LPS-induced apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells by regulating the NF-\u03baB and Nrf2 signalling pathways to restore mitochondrial dynamics and ROS generation","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veterinary Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-023-01267-7","article-title":"Involvement of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the neuroprotective mechanisms of ferulic acid against depressive-like behaviour","volume":"38","author":"Mallik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585821","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.585821","article-title":"SIRT1 and SIRT2 activity control in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"11","author":"Manjula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14436","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14436","article-title":"Neuroprotective potential of ferulic acid against cyclophosphamide\u2010induced neuroinflammation and behavioral changes","volume":"46","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2024.153889","article-title":"Targeting SIRT1\/AMPK\/Nrf2\/NF-\u043aB by sitagliptin protects against oxidative stress-mediated ER stress and inflammation during ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury","volume":"507","author":"Mosaoa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740966","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.740966","article-title":"Inhibition of Brain GTP cyclohydrolase I attenuates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal toxicity: involvement of Mas receptor\/PI3k\/Akt\/CREB\/BDNF axis","volume":"12","author":"Mustafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.07.003","article-title":"Sirtuins: double players in Huntington's disease","volume":"1852","author":"Naia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochimica Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2022.116096","article-title":"Upregulation of neuronal progranulin mediates the antinociceptive effect of trimetazidine in paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy: Role of ERK1\/2 signaling","volume":"448","author":"Nasser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666180717160623","article-title":"Involvement of heme oxygenase-1 in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"24","author":"Neis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23427","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23427","article-title":"Ferulic acid exerts a protective effect against cyclosporine\u2010induced liver injury in rats via activation of the Nrf2\/HO\u20101 signaling, suppression of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and halting the apoptotic cell death","volume":"37","author":"Nouri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00258","article-title":"The role of microglia and astrocytes in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Palpagama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcms.2014.11.004","article-title":"Glycyrrhiza uralensis flavonoids inhibit brain microglial cell TNF-\u03b1 secretion, p-I\u03baB expression, and increase brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) secretion","volume":"1","author":"Patil","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Traditional Chin. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00068","article-title":"Impaired redox signaling in Huntington\u2019s disease: therapeutic implications","volume":"12","author":"Paul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.08.013","article-title":"AMPK activation: role in the signaling pathways of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration","volume":"298","author":"Peixoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03047.x","article-title":"Brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor modulates dopaminergic deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease","volume":"93","author":"Pineda","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.40463","article-title":"The role of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in neurodegeneration","volume":"15","author":"Razick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1280-9","article-title":"Ferulic acid rescues LPS-induced neurotoxicity via modulation of the TLR4 receptor in the mouse hippocampus","volume":"56","author":"Rehman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-019-0158-9","article-title":"The role of different SIRT1-mediated signaling pathways in toxic injury","volume":"24","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. & Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"B53","article-title":"Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual","author":"Sambrook","year":"1989"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00805-5","article-title":"Vildagliptin attenuates Huntington's disease through activation of GLP-1 receptor\/PI3K\/Akt\/BDNF pathway in 3-nitropropionic acid rat model","volume":"17","author":"Sayed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115280","article-title":"The SIRT-1\/Nrf2\/HO-1 axis: guardians of neuronal health in neurological disorders","volume":"476","author":"Sethi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0257211","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257211","article-title":"Saffron extract attenuates neuroinflammation in rmTBI mouse model by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation via SIRT1","volume":"16","author":"Shaheen","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.05.022","article-title":"Topiramate mitigates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal neurotoxicity via modulation of AMPA receptors","volume":"118","author":"Shalaby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-021-02106-1","article-title":"Ellagic acid prevents 3-nitropropionic acid induced symptoms of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"394","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives Pharmacol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-024-00613-5","article-title":"Mechanistic insights on TLR-4 mediated inflammatory pathway in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"76","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07802-3","article-title":"Mechanistic insights on the role of Nrf-2 signalling in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"46","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731483","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.731483","article-title":"Liraglutide improves cognitive and neuronal function in 3-NP rat model of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Shawki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prmcm.2022.100190","article-title":"Ferulic acid ameliorates neurodegeneration via the Nrf2\/ARE signalling pathway: a Review","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Research-Modern Chin. Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2021-0118","article-title":"The protective effects of activating Sirt1\/NF-\u03baB pathway for neurological disorders","volume":"33","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9018624","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9018624","article-title":"Resveratrol mitigates sevoflurane\u2010induced neurotoxicity by the SIRT1\u2010dependent regulation of BDNF expression in developing mice","volume":"2020","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-021-03257-6","article-title":"A review on potential footprints of ferulic acid for treatment of neurological disorders","volume":"46","author":"Thapliyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15020878","article-title":"3-Nitropropionic acid as a tool to study the mechanisms involved in Huntington\u2019s disease: past, present and future","volume":"15","author":"T\u00fanez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577380","article-title":"Inflammation in Huntington's disease: a few new twists on an old tale","volume":"348","author":"Valad\u00e3o","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/s0962-8924(97)01215-4","article-title":"Inhibition of TNF-induced apoptosis by NF-\u03baB","volume":"8","author":"Van Antwerp","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Cell. Biol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(01)00527-x","article-title":"hSIR2SIRT1 functions as an NAD-dependent p53 deacetylase","volume":"107","author":"Vaziri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S443278","article-title":"Ferulic acid activates SIRT1-mediated ferroptosis signaling pathway to improve cognition dysfunction in Wilson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Dis. Treat."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.12.041","article-title":"Ferulic acid exerts antidepressant-like effect in the tail suspension test in mice: evidence for the involvement of the serotonergic system","volume":"679","author":"Zeni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14060","article-title":"Ferulic acid alleviates sciatica by inhibiting neuroinflammation and promoting nerve repair via the TLR4\/NF\u2010\u03baB pathway","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. & Ther."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1678724\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T05:50:46Z","timestamp":1759297846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1678724\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2025.1678724"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1678724","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"article-number":"1678724"}}