{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:32:52Z","timestamp":1781155972457,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Building upon prior systematic reviews and network meta-analyses, this study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of four commercial Chinese polyherbal preparations (CCPPs)\u2014Tian Meng Oral Liquid\/Capsules (TM), Shen-Qi-Wu-Wei-Zi Tablets (SQWWZ), Wu Ling Capsules (WL), and Bai-Le-Mian Capsules (BLM)\u2014for treating primary insomnia. Comparative findings informed clinical decision-making and health policy formulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted from a healthcare system perspective. A patient disease course model was developed using systematic literature search and network meta-analysis combined with drug pricing data. Intervention strategies (monotherapy or combination therapy) were simulated to assess per-capita costs and health outcomes. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated and compared against the willingness-to-pay threshold. Deterministic sensitivity analysis (DSA), Monte Carlo simulations for probabilistic sensitivity analysis and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves were used to test the overall stability and acceptable probability of the evaluation results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At a WTP threshold of \u00a589,358.00 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY), the combination of TM and benzodiazepines (BZDs) ranked highest in terms of cost-effectiveness, followed by WL, BLM, and SQWWZ. When the WTP threshold exceeded \u00a55,897.63 per QALY, the probability that TM + BZDs was more cost-effective than WL increased. Likewise, when the WTP threshold was above \u00a519,658.76 per QALY, the probability that BLM was more cost-effective than SQWWZ became greater.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within the 60-day time horizon of this analysis, TM + BZDs demonstrated optimal cost-effectiveness for primary insomnia from a healthcare system perspective, followed by WL and BLM. Limitations in data sources constrain the generalizability of findings. Future studies adopt a societal perspective and incorporate individual-level data over longer time horizons to validate and extend current results through more comprehensive cost-utility evaluations. Furthermore, research should focus on Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-specific health utility scales and informing equity-focused reimbursement policies to fully capture the value of CCPPs, thereby ultimately optimizing healthcare access and resource allocation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1682173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T14:49:34Z","timestamp":1765205374000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cost-effectiveness analysis of commercial Chinese polyherbal preparations for primary insomnia: based on network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sihong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanya","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinghua","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuchuan","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumeng","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6177(03)00096-9","article-title":"Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Barker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. 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