{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:01:02Z","timestamp":1792602062453,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are a major cause of lower extremity amputations and are associated with substantial morbidity and reduced quality of life. Given the limited efficacy of current treatments and the rise of antimicrobial resistance, there is an urgent need for innovative therapeutic approaches. This study evaluates the use of exosomes derived from a bovine leukocyte spleen extract (IMMUNEPOTENT CRP), loaded with gentamicin, to improve infection control and promote wound healing in a diabetic setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The efficiency of gentamicin encapsulation were evaluated followed by gentamicin release under acidic and alkaline conditions. A wound model was established in streptozotocin (STZ)\u2010induced diabetic mice, followed by inoculation with\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      to simulate infected diabetic ulcers. Mice were treated with gentamicin-loaded exosomes (Exo\u2010Genta), IMMUNEPOTENT CRP\u2010derived exosomes (ICRP-Exo), or free gentamicin. Wound closure was assessed for 21 days. On days 0, 7, 14, and 21 skin tissue samples were collected from treated mice to evaluate epithelial thickness, area, and cell number calculation by hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;amp;E); collagen synthesis, and PI3K-AKT pathway activation, beside skin samples, blood samples were collected to quantify pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Exo\u2010Genta and IMMUNEPOTENT CRP significantly enhanced collagen fiber deposition, blood vessel formation, and hair follicle regeneration. At the molecular level, these treatments increased AKT phosphorylation and modulated the inflammatory response, with reduced levels of TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106, and MCP\u20101, alongside a significant increase in anti-inflammatory IL\u201010.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gentamicin\u2010loaded exosomes derived from IMMUNEPOTENT CRP demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial activity and tissue regeneration in infected diabetic wounds. These findings support their potential as an effective and less invasive therapeutic strategy for diabetic foot ulcers by combining infection control and pro\u2010regenerative and immunomodulatory effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1682468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T05:13:27Z","timestamp":1764220407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Gentamicin-loaded exosomes from IMMUNEPOTENT CRP enhance healing of infected diabetic wound in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Paola Leonor","family":"Garc\u00eda Coronado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon Alberto","family":"Garza Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenia Arisbe","family":"Moreno Amador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Reding Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana G.","family":"Z\u00e1rate Trivi\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana Elia","family":"Caballero Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Zapata Benavides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Luna Barcenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mois\u00e9s Armides","family":"Franco Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2147\/CPAA.S417298","article-title":"Recommendations of gentamicin dose based on different pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic targets for intensive care adult patients: a redefining approach","volume":"15","author":"Abbasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. 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