{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T05:44:16Z","timestamp":1791870256543,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality among non-communicable diseases worldwide. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), as the predominant cellular component of the tunica media, are essential for maintaining vascular homeostasis through phenotype-dependent regulation of vascular tone, blood pressure, and hemodynamics. Under pathological conditions such as hypoxia or inflammation, VSMCs undergo phenotypic switching from a contractile to a synthetic state. This transition is characterized by excessive proliferation, migration, and pro-inflammatory secretion, all of which contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis and restenosis. Tanshinones, bioactive diterpenoid compounds isolated from <jats:italic>Salvia miltiorrhiza<\/jats:italic>, exert cardioprotective effects through their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and VSMC-modulating activities. Increasing evidence suggests that tanshinones attenuate maladaptive VSMC behaviors by regulating calcium signaling, modulating programmed cell death pathways, and suppressing pro-inflammatory signaling cascades. These actions collectively inhibit phenotypic switching and mitigate vascular remodeling and plaque formation. Despite these advances, a comprehensive understanding of the precise molecular targets and signaling networks of tanshinones in VSMCs is still lacking. This review aims to integrate current evidence to delineate tanshinone-mediated VSMC regulatory mechanisms, provide mechanistic insights, and identify potential therapeutic targets for phenotype-directed interventions in CVDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1688338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T07:44:59Z","timestamp":1759995899000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, and cryptotanshinone: key bioactive components modulating vascular smooth muscle cell function"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jixin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiling","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijie","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zelong","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengnan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peili","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-019-09531-z","article-title":"Emerging regulators of vascular smooth muscle cell migration","volume":"40","author":"Afewerki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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