{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:27:46Z","timestamp":1790623666619,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are widespread environmental contaminants, yet their impact on human liver health is not fully understood. We conducted a systematic review of 25 experimental, observational, and organoid-based studies published between 2022 and 2025 that investigated the hepatotoxic effects of polystyrene micro- and nanoplastics (PS-MPs\/NPs). Following PRISMA guidelines, we screened 770 records from PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science. After removing duplicates, conducting dual-stage screening, and assessing quality using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale, 25 studies met our predefined inclusion criteria. Seventeen studies using human liver-derived cell lines consistently reported oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disturbances in lipid-metabolism in a size- and dose-dependent manner, with nanoplastics showing the highest toxicity. Six investigations using pluripotent-stem-cell-derived liver organoids confirmed and expanded upon these findings, demonstrating that both pristine and aged PS-MPs (1\u201310\u00a0\u00b5m) disrupt sulfur amino acid and iron homeostasis (e.g., increased serum cysteine, decreased hepatic cysteine, and disturbed homocysteine metabolism), impair mitochondrial bioenergetics, and lead to significant lipid accumulation after exposures lasting up to 500\u00a0h. Limited human evidence indicated transplacental transfer of PS-MP associated with elevated fetal liver enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and \u03b3-glutamyl transferase) in 1,057 pregnancies, and higher microplastic levels were found in cirrhotic livers compared to non-diseased livers, underscoring potential clinical implications. Current findings suggest that exposure to PS-MP\/NP disrupts hepatic redox balance, metabolic function, and structural integrity across\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , organoid, and human models. However, variability in particle characterization, exposure methods, and outcome measures, along with limited epidemiological data, hinder definitive risk assessment. Future research should prioritize standardized methodologies, longitudinal human studies, and advanced mechanistic models to establish exposure thresholds and develop strategies to mitigate microplastic-induced hepatotoxicity.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Systematic Review Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420251159265<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1721644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T09:35:25Z","timestamp":1764581725000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Microplastics in focus: a silent disruptor of liver health- a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Beyzaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bita","family":"Geramizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Karimzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Weiskirchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.108268","article-title":"Polystyrene nanoplastics exacerbate HFD-Induced MASLD by reducing cathepsin activity and triggering large vacuole formation via impaired lysosomal acidification","volume":"21","author":"Ahn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Journal Biological Sciences"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-025-00521-6","article-title":"Overview of the hazardous impacts of metabolism-disrupting chemicals on the progression of fatty liver diseases","volume":"21","author":"An","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. and Cellular Toxicology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155621","article-title":"Effects of polystyrene micro\/nanoplastics on liver cells based on particle size, surface functionalization, concentration and exposure period","volume":"836","author":"Banerjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environment"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28890","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-33086-3","article-title":"An evaluation of a hepatotoxicity risk induced by the microplastic polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) using HepG2\/THP-1 co-culture model","volume":"31","author":"Boran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Science Pollution Research International"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169050","article-title":"Chronic exposure to polystyrene microplastics increased the chemosensitivity of normal human liver cells via ABC transporter inhibition","volume":"912","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environment"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-024-01972-x","article-title":"Effects of micro\/nanoplastics on oxidative damage and serum biochemical parameters in rats and mice: a meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Environ. Geochemistry Health"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150328","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics induce hepatotoxicity and disrupt lipid metabolism in the liver organoids","volume":"806","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environment"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158585","article-title":"Combined effect of polystyrene microplastics and bisphenol A on the human embryonic stem cells-derived liver organoids: the hepatotoxicity and lipid accumulation","volume":"854","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environment"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167529","article-title":"The iron matters: aged microplastics disrupted the iron homeostasis in the liver organoids","volume":"906","author":"Cheng","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environment"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108949","article-title":"Aged fragmented-polypropylene microplastics induced ageing statues-dependent bioenergetic imbalance and reductive stress: in vivo and liver organoids-based in vitro study","volume":"191","author":"Cheng","year":"","journal-title":"Environ. International"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121820","article-title":"Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics to explore the varied hepatic toxicity induced by aged- and pristine-microplastics: in vivo and human-originated liver organoids-based in vitro study","volume":"280","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Research"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01321-z","article-title":"Distinct lipid membrane interaction and uptake of differentially charged nanoplastics in bacteria","volume":"20","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165076","article-title":"The emerging role of microplastics in systemic toxicity: involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS)","volume":"895","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environment"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200800123","article-title":"Uptake mechanism of oppositely charged fluorescent nanoparticles in HeLa cells","volume":"8","author":"Dausend","year":"2008","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2023.117484","article-title":"Reducing uncertainty and confronting ignorance about the potential impacts of microplastic on animals: a critical review","volume":"171","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901798","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.901798","article-title":"Developmental and reproductive toxic effects of exposure to microplastics: a review of associated signaling pathways","volume":"4","author":"Dubey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Toxicology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16213703","article-title":"Microplastics in the human body: exposure, detection, and risk of carcinogenesis: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"16","author":"Dzier\u017cy\u0144ski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.133146","article-title":"Investigating impact of physicochemical properties of microplastics on human health: a short bibliometric analysis and review","volume":"289","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134878","article-title":"Polystyrene nanoplastics induce lipophagy via the AMPK\/ULK1 pathway and block lipophagic flux leading to lipid accumulation in hepatocytes","volume":"476","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eehl.2023.08.002","article-title":"A systematic review of the impacts of exposure to micro- and nano-plastics on human tissue accumulation and health","volume":"2","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eco Environ. Health"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2104610118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2104610118","article-title":"Microplastics destabilize lipid membranes by mechanical stretching","volume":"118","author":"Fleury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae021","article-title":"Quantitation and identification of microplastics accumulation in human placental specimens using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry","volume":"199","author":"Garcia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sciences An Official Journal Soc. Toxicol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2024.104385","article-title":"Oxidative stress-activated Nrf2 remitted polystyrene nanoplastic-induced mitochondrial damage and inflammatory response in HepG2 cells","volume":"106","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicology Pharmacology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143032","article-title":"Microplastic-induced hepatic adverse effects evaluated in advanced quadruple cell human primary models following three weeks of repeated exposure","volume":"364","author":"Guraka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169594","article-title":"Microplastics and associated chemicals in drinking water: a review of their occurrence and human health implications","volume":"912","author":"Haleem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115814","article-title":"The effect of polystyrene nanoplastics on arsenic-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells","volume":"269","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environmental Safety"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104147","article-title":"Microplastics detected in cirrhotic liver tissue","volume":"82","author":"Horvatits","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260352","article-title":"Marine pollution. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean","volume":"347","author":"Jambeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8849","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01441","article-title":"Microplastic size-dependent toxicity, oxidative stress induction, and p-JNK and p-p38 activation in the monogonont rotifer (Brachionus koreanus)","volume":"50","author":"Jeong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Science and Technology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118036","article-title":"Microplastics in freshwater and marine ecosystems: occurrence, characterization, sources, distribution dynamics, fate, transport processes, potential mitigation strategies, and policy interventions","volume":"294","author":"Jolaosho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environmental Safety"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108751","article-title":"Microplastics in human blood: polymer types, concentrations and characterisation using \u03bcFTIR","volume":"188","author":"Leonard S","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107644","article-title":"Unraveling the potential human health risks from used disposable face mask-derived micro\/nanoplastics during the COVID-19 pandemic scenario: a critical review","volume":"170","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. International"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138545","article-title":"Toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics to human embryonic kidney cells and human normal liver cells: effect of particle size and Pb(2+) enrichment","volume":"328","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110502","article-title":"ROS and DRP1 interactions accelerate the mitochondrial injury induced by polystyrene nanoplastics in human liver HepG2 cells","volume":"379","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Chemico-biological Interactions"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118431","article-title":"Molecular regulatory networks of microplastics and cadmium mediated hepatotoxicity from NAFLD to tumorigenesis via integrated approaches","volume":"300","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.02.001","article-title":"Effect of chlorination and ultraviolet on the adsorption of pefloxacin on polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.36922\/ijb.1403","article-title":"Distinct toxicity of microplastics\/TBBPA co-exposure to bioprinted liver organoids derived from hiPSCs of healthy and patient donors","volume":"10","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Bioprinting"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"6","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12483","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c03980","article-title":"Metabolomics reveal nanoplastic-induced mitochondrial damage in human liver and lung cells","volume":"56","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Science and Technology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-024-02309-4","article-title":"Environmental microplastic and phthalate esters co-contamination, interrelationships, co-toxicity and mechanisms. A review","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Geochemistry Health"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126777","article-title":"Lipidomic analysis of single and combined effects of polyethylene microplastics and polychlorinated biphenyls on human hepatoma cells","volume":"421","author":"Men\u00e9ndez-Pedriza","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03453-1","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of microplastics in decedent human brains","volume":"31","author":"Nihart","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2024020","DOI":"10.5620\/eaht.2024020","article-title":"Health effects of microplastics and nanoplastics: review of published case reports","volume":"39","author":"Otorkpa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Analysis, Health Toxicology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86911","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.86911","article-title":"Nanoplastics, liver injury, and oxidative mechanisms: translating animal models into human risk assessment","volume":"17","author":"Ruiz-Ramos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15879","article-title":"Plastic compounds and liver diseases: whether bisphenol A is the only culprit","volume":"44","author":"Sangwan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Official Journal Int. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.10.036","article-title":"Stop using the misidentified cell line LO2 as a human hepatocyte","volume":"80","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.118986","article-title":"Accumulation of polystyrene microplastics induces liver fibrosis by activating cGAS\/STING pathway","volume":"300","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollution (Barking, Essex 1987)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154067","article-title":"Chronic environmental exposure to polystyrene microplastics increases the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"511","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104191","article-title":"Should we worry about the accumulation of microplastics in human organs?","volume":"82","author":"Sorci","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118099","article-title":"Exposure to microplastics during pregnancy and fetal liver function","volume":"294","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environmental Safety"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136591","article-title":"Lipidomics and transcriptomics insight into impacts of microplastics exposure on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice","volume":"308","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E66","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32730","article-title":"Letter to the editor: LO2, a misidentified cell line: some data should be interpreted with caution","volume":"77","author":"Weiskirchen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158111","article-title":"A review of potential human health impacts of micro- and nanoplastics exposure","volume":"851","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environment"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154194","article-title":"Nanoplastics disrupt hepatic lipid metabolism via the inhibition of PPAR\u03b3: a study based on digestive system exposure","volume":"516","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.117166","article-title":"Potential toxicity of microplastics on vertebrate liver: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"286","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environmental Safety"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2024.110080","article-title":"Impact of microplastics exposure on liver health: a comprehensive meta-analysis","volume":"288","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Comp. Biochemistry Physiology Toxicol. and Pharmacology"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4771","article-title":"Exposure to Di(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate increases the internalization of polystyrene microplastics by Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells and leads to cell damage","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Applied Toxicology JAT"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2025.100548","article-title":"Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveals hepatic lipid metabolism disruption in Japanese quail under polystyrene microplastics exposure","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Emerg. Contam."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4943","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104943","article-title":"Transcriptome sequencing and metabolite analysis revealed the single and combined effects of microplastics and Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on mouse liver","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Int. Journal Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.137471","article-title":"Differential effects of foodborne and waterborne micro(nano)plastics exposure on fish liver metabolism and gut microbiota community","volume":"488","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2024.110117","article-title":"Endocytosis, endoplasmic reticulum, actin cytoskeleton affected in tilapia liver under polystyrene microplastics and BDE(153) acute co-exposure","volume":"289","author":"Zheng","year":"","journal-title":"Comp. Biochemistry Physiology Toxicol. and Pharmacology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbd.2024.101370","article-title":"Apoptosis, MAPK signaling pathway affected in tilapia liver following nano-microplastics and sulfamethoxazole acute co-exposure","volume":"53","author":"Zheng","year":"","journal-title":"Comp. Biochemistry Physiology Part D, Genomics and Proteomics"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.126157","article-title":"Unraveling the impact of micro- and nano-sized polymethyl methacrylate on gut microbiota and liver lipid metabolism: insights from oral exposure studies","volume":"373","author":"Zheng","year":"","journal-title":"Environ. Pollution (Barking, Essex 1987)"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2025.13463","article-title":"Mechanisms of microplastics on gastrointestinal injury and liver metabolism disorder (Review)","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Medicine Reports"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13503","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13503","article-title":"Harmful effects of the microplastic pollution on animal health: a literature review","volume":"10","author":"Zolotova","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1721644\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T09:35:26Z","timestamp":1764581726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1721644\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2025.1721644"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1721644","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"article-number":"1721644"}}