{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T02:18:57Z","timestamp":1785464337523,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008809","name":"University of Hail","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Farsetia aegyptia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Zilla spinosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      belonging to the Brassicaceae family, well-known for their biological and therapeutic activities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study to explore the composition, antibacterial, anticandidal, antibiofilm activities using\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and molecular docking analysis assays of\n                      <jats:italic>F. aegyptia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Z. spinosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      herb extracts collected from the Hail region of Saudi Arabia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The antibacterial and anticandida effects of chloroform, ethanolic, and aqueous extracts from the aerial parts of\n                      <jats:italic>F. aegyptia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Z. spinosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      were determined by conventional assays. The compositions of extracts were determined by Gas Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) and High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry (HR\u2013LC\u2013MS). Molecular docking simulations were carried out with the major identified compounds against penicillin-binding protein 4.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The chloroform and ethanolic extracts of these plants exhibited substantial activities against\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATCC 29212, and\n                      <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATCC 19115, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) levels varying between 625 and 2,500\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL, and MBC\/MIC was equal to 1. The chloroformic extract of\n                      <jats:italic>F. aegyptia<\/jats:italic>\n                      demonstrated the most significant anticandidal activity against\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATCC 90028 and\n                      <jats:italic>Candida krusei<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATCC 6258, with MIC of 625\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL. Interestingly, the chloroform extract of\n                      <jats:italic>F. aegyptia<\/jats:italic>\n                      demonstrated the most important antibiofilm activity against\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , with Minimum Biofilm Inhibition Concentration (MBIC50) of 700\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL, while the chloroform extract of\n                      <jats:italic>Z. spinosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed the most potent antibiofilm activity against\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATCC 27853 with MBIC50 = 630\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL.\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed the highest sensitivity to the ethanolic extract of\n                      <jats:italic>Z. spinosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , with MBIC50 = 660\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL. The GC\u2013MS analysis identified \u03b2-sitosterol (40.39%), stigmasterol (22.24%), and coumarin (9.25%), as the main components of\n                      <jats:italic>Z. spinosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; and linolenic acid (12.68%), linolenic acid ethyl ester (7.31%), arachidonic acid (6.96%), and (Z)-13-docosenamide (6.47%) as predominant compounds in\n                      <jats:italic>F. aegyptia<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The docking analysis revealed that the key compound stigmasterol from\n                      <jats:italic>Z. spinosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      served as superior ligands, penicillin-binding protein four (PBP4) (\u22127.7\u00a0kcal\/mol).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings highlight the powerful antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of\n                      <jats:italic>F. aegyptia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Z. spinosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and supporting their prospective role in developing novel anti-infective agents.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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