{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:06:03Z","timestamp":1789578363781,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to provide an objective evaluation of the therapeutic effects of methylphenidate (MPH) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by integrating clinical assessments, the go\/no-go task, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study employed a two-part design. First, a cross-sectional comparison was conducted between 36 children with ADHD and 12 typically developing controls (TDC) to establish baseline neurocognitive and functional differences. Second, a pre-post intervention design was used to evaluate the effects of a 6-month MPH treatment on the 36 children with ADHD. All participants underwent clinical assessments, including the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham IV Rating Scale (SNAP-IV) and the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale (WFIRS), a go\/no-go task, and fNIRS to measure average oxygenated hemoglobin (\u0394avg oxy-Hb) changes in targeted brain regions, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and temporal lobe (TL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of the present study revealed that, at baseline, children with ADHD had significantly higher scores on the SNAP-IV and WFIRS than the TDC group. On the go\/no-go task, accuracy for both go and no-go trials was significantly lower in the ADHD group than in the TDC group. Furthermore, fNIRS data indicated that the ADHD group had significantly lower \u0394avg oxy-Hb levels than the TDC group in the bilateral mPFC, right DLPFC, and bilateral TL. After 6 months of MPH treatment, children with ADHD showed significant reductions in SNAP-IV and WFIRS scores. Concurrently, they showed significantly increased accuracy on both go and no-go trials, along with significantly decreased reaction times on go trials. Furthermore, \u0394avg oxy-Hb levels increased significantly in the right mPFC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that activation in the right mPFC is a viable objective neurofunctional biomarker for monitoring MPH treatment response using fNIRS. Concurrently, a multimodal assessment strategy integrating clinical evaluations, neuropsychological testing (go\/no-go task), and fNIRS holds significant promise as a robust method for objectively determining the therapeutic efficacy of MPH in pediatric ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1726716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T08:54:51Z","timestamp":1765184091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of methylphenidate on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a study using clinical and multimodal approaches including go\/no-go task and functional near-infrared spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fang","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.01.027","article-title":"Catecholamine influences on dorsolateral prefrontal cortical networks","volume":"69","author":"Arnsten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. 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