{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:56:19Z","timestamp":1793141779779,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Organ fibrosis, notably affecting the liver and kidneys, remains a major contributor to global morbidity. This review examines the pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms, and preclinical models used to study hepatic and renal fibrosis. In liver fibrosis, hepatic stellate cell activation, chronic inflammation, and extracellular matrix accumulation are central features, while renal fibrosis involves myofibroblast activation and redox-mediated signaling pathways. The present review highlights both\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    models such as the carbon tetrachloride, bile duct ligation, and dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis models, as well as renal fibrosis models like unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), subtotal nephrectomy, and adriamycin nephropathy. It also emphasizes advanced experimental platforms including liver slice systems and stem cell transplantation techniques. All these above-mentioned models of hepatic and renal fibrosis involve immune cells directly or indirectly, e.g., cytokines, chemokines, and growth-promoting factors in renal fibrosis UUO model. By integrating molecular insights and experimental techniques, this review provides a comprehensive guide for future therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating fibrosis in chronic liver and kidney diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1718048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T06:35:52Z","timestamp":1771223752000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preclinical approaches to studying liver and kidney fibrosis: models and methodologies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Abhilasha","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Nims Institute of Pharmacy, Nims University Rajasthan","place":["Jaipur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivam","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Nims Institute of Pharmacy, Nims University Rajasthan","place":["Jaipur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Nims Institute of Pharmacy, Nims University Rajasthan","place":["Jaipur, India"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Allied Science, KAAF University","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Nims Institute of Pharmacy, Nims University Rajasthan","place":["Jaipur, India"]},{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University","place":["Rajpura, Punjab, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.53555\/jptcp.v31i1.4175","article-title":"Antifibrotic effects of angiotensin receptor blockers in organophosphate (CHLORPYRIFOS) induced liver fibrosis","volume":"31","author":"Abbasi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Popul. Ther. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671640","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.671640","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of liver fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Acharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C276","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00095.2013","article-title":"Opposing effects of podocin on the gating of podocyte TRPC6 channels evoked by membrane stretch or diacylglycerol","volume":"305","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiology-Cell Physiology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24461","article-title":"Angiotensin II activation of TRPC6 channels in rat podocytes requires generation of reactive oxygen species","volume":"229","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cellular Physiology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.005","article-title":"Protective effects of N-acetyl-cysteine in mitochondria bioenergetics, oxidative stress, dynamics and S-glutathionylation alterations in acute kidney damage induced by folic acid","volume":"130","author":"Aparicio-Trejo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.034","article-title":"Redox signaling pathways in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis","volume":"172","author":"Aranda-Rivera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90637-X","article-title":"Autoimmunity in IgA nephropathy","volume":"332","author":"Ballardie","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21682","article-title":"Acute kidney injury following liver transplantation: definition and outcome","volume":"15","author":"Barri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Liver Transplantation"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2001.210504.x","article-title":"Characteristics of the hepatic stellate cell\u2010selective carrier mannose 6\u2010phosphate modified albumin (M6P28\u2010HSA)","volume":"21","author":"Beljaars","year":"2001","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20889","article-title":"Hepatocyte transplantation activates hepatic stellate cells with beneficial modulation of cell engraftment in the rat","volume":"42","author":"Benten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.10.13.8940293","article-title":"Effect of extracellular matrix topology on cell structure, function, and physiological responsiveness: hepatocytes cultured in a sandwich configuration","volume":"10","author":"Berthiaume","year":"1996","journal-title":"FASEB Journal"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"524","article-title":"Strain differences in mice in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury","volume":"64","author":"Bhathal","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br. Journal Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"395","author":"Bikbov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924751","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.924751","article-title":"Adriamycin-induced nephropathy is robust in N and modest in J substrain of C57BL\/6","volume":"10","author":"Bryant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4167","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i27.4167","article-title":"Comparison of murine cirrhosis models induced by hepatotoxin administration and common bile duct ligation","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterology WJG"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S275595","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species: drivers of physiological and pathological processes","volume":"13","author":"Checa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Research"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.17085\/apm.2020.15.1.19","article-title":"Bile duct ligation of C57BL\/6 mice as a model of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"15","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60674-5","article-title":"Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis","volume":"375","author":"Matsushita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1113","article-title":"Mediation of immune glomerular injury","volume":"1","author":"Couser","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.39.020188.002505","article-title":"Pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy","volume":"39","author":"Couser","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annu. Review Medicine"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1543-4","article-title":"Experimental models of liver fibrosis","volume":"90","author":"Crespo Yanguas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Archives Toxicology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2230","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2230","article-title":"Redox\u2010sensitive signalling pathways regulated by human papillomavirus in HPV\u2010related cancers","volume":"31","author":"Cruz\u2010Gregorio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2256","article-title":"ROS as signalling molecules: mechanisms that generate specificity in ROS homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"D'Autr\u00e9aux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Reviews Mol. Cell Biology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3567-08.2009","article-title":"Cerebral microglia recruit monocytes into the brain in response to tumor necrosis factor\u03b1 signaling during peripheral organ inflammation","volume":"29","author":"D'Mello","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.4c00010","article-title":"Novel peptide DR3penA as a low-toxicity antirenal fibrosis agent by suppressing the TGF-\u03b21\/miR-212-5p\/Low-Density lipoprotein receptor class a domain containing 4\/Smad axis","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. and Transl. Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840190629","article-title":"Classification of chronic hepatitis: diagnosis, grading and staging","volume":"19","author":"Desmet","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1503519","article-title":"Cause, pathogenesis, and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"377","author":"Diehl","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.04.001","article-title":"TRPC channels: regulation, dysregulation and contributions to chronic kidney disease","volume":"1865","author":"Dryer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochimica Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2014.00018","article-title":"A multiscale agent-based in silico model of liver fibrosis progression","volume":"2","author":"Dutta-Moscato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Bioengineering Biotechnology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12040227","article-title":"Inflammation and premature ageing in chronic kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"Ebert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8184","article-title":"Inflammation and oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients","volume":"35","author":"Ebert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants and Redox Signaling"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2022.101099","article-title":"Ageing\u2013oxidative stress, PTMs and disease","volume":"86","author":"Ebert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Medicine"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24603","article-title":"Adriamycin\u2010induced nephropathy in rats: functional and cellular effects characterized by MRI","volume":"41","author":"Egger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Magnetic Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1008","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00071.2004","article-title":"LPS-Induced downregulation of MRP2 and BSEP in human liver is due to a posttranscriptional process","volume":"287","author":"Elferink","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiology-Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000548125.46726.4c","article-title":"A4312 role of (Pro) renin receptor in protein-overload nephropathy in rats","volume":"36","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3109\/08941939.2015.1114689","article-title":"Validation of an experimental model to study less severe chronic renal failure","volume":"29","author":"Fernandes-Charpiot","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investigative Surg."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00097.x","article-title":"Ischemic acute renal failure: long-term histology of cell and matrix changes in the rat","volume":"57","author":"Forbes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00429-4","article-title":"Liver fibrosis\u2013from bench to bedside","volume":"38","author":"Friedman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hepatology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02072-z","article-title":"Liver diseases: epidemiology, causes, trends and predictions","volume":"10","author":"Gan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00261969","article-title":"Characterization of a mouse model of chronic uremia","volume":"16","author":"Gagnon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Urological Research"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270238","article-title":"Purification of rat hepatic stellate cells by side scatter-activated cell sorting","volume":"27","author":"Geerts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041031","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization","volume":"351","author":"Go","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1556\/2060.2021.00205","article-title":"The role of TRPC6 calcium channels and P2 purinergic receptors in podocyte mechanical and metabolic sensing","volume":"109","author":"Gyarmati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. International"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-004-1487-z","article-title":"Age-related differences in adriamycin-induced nephropathy","volume":"19","author":"Hahn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.37069","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of hepatic fibrosis in inbred mice identifies the susceptibility locus Hfib1 on chromosome 15","volume":"123","author":"Hillebrandt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3801","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms and physiological consequences of redox-dependent signalling","volume":"15","author":"Holmstr\u00f6m","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Reviews Mol. Cell Biology"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000191541.06788.bb","article-title":"Ischemic neoangiogenesis enhanced by \u03b22-adrenergic receptor overexpression: a novel role for the endothelial adrenergic system","volume":"97","author":"Iaccarino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation Research"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00469.x","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide increases extracellular matrix mRNA through TGF-\u03b2 in human mesangial cells","volume":"59","author":"Iglesias-De La Cruz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.71","article-title":"Angiotensin II has acute effects on TRPC6 channels in podocytes of freshly isolated glomeruli","volume":"86","author":"Ilatovskaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1247\/csf.25.329","article-title":"Adhesion between cells and extracellular matrix with special reference to hepatic stellate cell adhesion to three-dimensional collagen fibers","volume":"25","author":"Imai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Structure Function"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30542","article-title":"Models of liver fibrosis: exploring the dynamic nature of inflammation and repair in a solid organ","volume":"117","author":"Iredale","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m112.431973","article-title":"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate transforming growth factor-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"288","author":"Jain","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1990.72","article-title":"Autoantibodies to GBM and neutrophil cytoplasm in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis","volume":"37","author":"Jayne","year":"1990","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(85)80747-9","article-title":"A dimethylnitrosamine-induced model of cirrhosis and portal hypertension in the rat","volume":"1","author":"Jenkins","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Hepatology"},{"key":"B55","first-page":"921","article-title":"Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated glomerulonephritis and vasculitis","volume":"135","author":"Jennette","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Journal Pathology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(87)80570-6","article-title":"A morphological study of the early stages of hepatic fibrosis induced by low doses of dimethylnitrosamine in the rat","volume":"5","author":"Jezequel","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Hepatology"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-214189","article-title":"Apoptosis and angiogenesis: an evolving mechanism for fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1515\/aiht-2017-68-2989","article-title":"Adverse effects of organophosphorus pesticides on the liver: a brief summary of four decades of research","volume":"68","author":"Karami-Mohajeri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arh. Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21003","article-title":"TNF\u2010\u03b1\u2013secreting monocytes are recruited into the brain of cholestatic mice","volume":"43","author":"Kerfoot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/019262337600400306","article-title":"National cancer institute carcinogenesis technical report series","volume":"4","author":"Keysser","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pharmacol. Environ. Pathologists"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040856","article-title":"Effects of TRPC6 inactivation on glomerulosclerosis and renal fibrosis in aging rats","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11131985","article-title":"TRPC6 inactivation reduces albuminuria induced by protein overload in sprague dawley rats","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p58","DOI":"10.1159\/000079180","article-title":"Combined therapy of cilazapril and losartan has no additive effects in ameliorating adriamycin-induced glomerulopathy","volume":"97","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephron Physiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-018-1648-3","article-title":"Trpc6 inactivation confers protection in a model of severe nephrosis in rats","volume":"96","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2018.12.006","article-title":"TRPC6 inactivation does not affect loss of renal function in nephrotoxic serum glomerulonephritis in rats, but reduces severity of glomerular lesions","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophysics Rep."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2011.02.011","article-title":"Anti-fibrogenic strategies and the regression of fibrosis","volume":"25","author":"Kisseleva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Practice and Research Clin. Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201000380","article-title":"Renal fibrosis: insight from proteomics in animal models and human disease","volume":"11","author":"Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm694","article-title":"Macrophages contribute to the development of renal fibrosis following ischaemia\/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"23","author":"Ko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2941-1","article-title":"Decoding myofibroblast origins in human kidney fibrosis","volume":"589","author":"Kuppe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F199","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00018.2017","article-title":"Adaptive changes in GFR, tubular morphology, and transport in subtotal nephrectomized kidneys: modeling and analysis","volume":"313","author":"Layton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiology-Renal Physiology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2011.02.005","article-title":"Mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Practice and Research Clin. Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.02.019","article-title":"Origins and functions of liver myofibroblasts","volume":"1832","author":"Lemoinne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimica Biophysica Acta - Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00316-4","article-title":"Precision-cut liver slices: characteristics and use for in vitro pharmaco-toxicology","volume":"153","author":"Lerche-Langrand","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)92287-8","article-title":"Lytic anti-endothelial cell antibodies in haemolytic-uraemic syndrome","volume":"332","author":"Leung","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.060169","article-title":"Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and transforming growth factor-\u03b21\/Smad signaling pathways modulates the development of fibrosis in adriamycin-induced nephropathy","volume":"169","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. Journal Pathology"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090923","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibits renal fibrosis in the obstructed kidney: potential role in deacetylation of Smad3","volume":"177","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. Journal Pathology"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddmod.2014.06.003","article-title":"Animal models of regression\/progression of kidney disease","volume":"11","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today Dis. Models"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.124.suppl_21.A11507","article-title":"Abstract 11507: Subtotal nephrectomy accelerates pathological cardiac remodelling post myocardial infarction: recapitulating the phenotype of cardiorenal syndrome?","volume":"124","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.12.065","article-title":"Subtotal nephrectomy accelerates pathological cardiac remodeling post-myocardial infarction: implications for cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"168","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Journal Cardiology"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e95689","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099972","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation enhances the fixation of titanium implants in chronic kidney disease mice","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7161","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species modulator 1 regulates oxidative stress and induces renal and pulmonary fibrosis in a unilateral ureteral obstruction rat model and in HK-2 cells","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2015.08.004","article-title":"Epidemiological modifiers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: focus on high-risk groups","volume":"47","author":"Lonardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010043","article-title":"New potential biomarkers for chronic kidney disease management\u2014A review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Lousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B84","first-page":"260","article-title":"Dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic cirrhosis: a new canine model of an ancient human disease","volume":"68","author":"Madden","year":"1970","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0640676","article-title":"Toxic liver injury. The metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine","volume":"64","author":"Magee","year":"1956","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.04.021","article-title":"Cannabidiol ameliorates cognitive and motor impairments in mice with bile duct ligation","volume":"51","author":"Magen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hepatology"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00589.x","article-title":"Cannabidiol ameliorates cognitive and motor impairments in bile\u2010duct ligated mice via 5\u2010HT1A receptor activation","volume":"159","author":"Magen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. Journal Pharmacology"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00863427","article-title":"Membranous nephropathy, interstitial nephritis, and fanconi syndrome\u2014glomerular antigen","volume":"10","author":"Makker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.63.125","article-title":"Changes in quantitative profile of extracellular matrix components in the kidneys of rats with adriamycin-induced nephropathy","volume":"63","author":"Manabe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Veterinary Med. Sci."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.1998.0432","article-title":"Effect of captopril on doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in normal rats","volume":"39","author":"Mansour","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Research"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01853-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease in adults, 1990\u20132023, and its attributable risk factors: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2023","author":"Mark","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9040141","article-title":"Unilateral ureteral obstruction as a model to investigate fibrosis-attenuating treatments","volume":"9","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Klimova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh859","article-title":"Simvastatin attenuates renal inflammation, tubular transdifferentiation and interstitial fibrosis in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction","volume":"20","author":"Mauro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6432","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176432","article-title":"Oxidative stress and analysis of selected SNPs of ACHE (rs 2571598), BCHE (rs 3495), CAT (rs 7943316), SIRT1 (rs 10823108), GSTP1 (rs 1695), and gene GSTM1, GSTT1 in chronic organophosphates exposed groups from Cameroon and Pakistan","volume":"21","author":"Mbah Ntepe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Journal Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"B95","first-page":"502","article-title":"Instant cirrhosis: an improved method for producing cirrhosis of the liver in rats by simultaneous administration of carbon tetrachloride and phenobarbitone","volume":"50","author":"McLean","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br. Journal Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.48","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2: the master regulator of fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02020516","article-title":"Acute toxicity of organophosphorus and organochlorine insecticides in laboratory animals","volume":"18","author":"Mikhail","year":"1979","journal-title":"Z. f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrungswiss."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2016.31.9.1403","article-title":"Renoprotective effects of a highly selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonist in a mouse model of adriamycin-induced nephropathy","volume":"31","author":"Min","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Korean Medical Science"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1990.75","article-title":"HLA DQ region gene polymorphism associated with primary IgA nephropathy","volume":"37","author":"Moore","year":"1990","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.07.011","article-title":"Function of opioidergic and dopaminergic antagonists on both spatial and object novelty detection deficits induced in rodent model of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"313","author":"Nasehi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Research"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-5926-2-S1-S45","article-title":"Precision-cut liver slices in culture as a tool to assess the physiological involvement of kupffer cells in hepatic metabolism","volume":"3","author":"Neyrinck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp. Hepatol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/352760006X","article-title":"Use of human tissue slices in drug targeting research","volume":"12","author":"Olinga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Target. Organ-Specific Strateg."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI35875","article-title":"Hedgehog signaling regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition during biliary fibrosis in rodents and humans","volume":"118","author":"Omenetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80117-7","article-title":"Expression and regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in organotypic cultures of rat liver tissue","volume":"29","author":"Oudar","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hepatology"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01365","article-title":"Refining the mouse subtotal nephrectomy in male 129S2\/SV mice for consistent modeling of progressive kidney disease with renal inflammation and cardiac dysfunction","volume":"10","author":"O\u2019sullivan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiology"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v4.i10.274","article-title":"Bone marrow progenitor cells do not contribute to liver fibrogenic cells","volume":"4","author":"Paredes","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Journal Hepatology"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.66012.x","article-title":"Expression and activity of soluble guanylate cyclase in injury and repair of anti-thy1 glomerulonephritis","volume":"66","author":"Peters","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F213","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90421.2008","article-title":"Inducible rodent models of acquired podocyte diseases","volume":"296","author":"Pippin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiology-Renal Physiology"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711580314","article-title":"Apoptosis\u2014the mechanism of cell death in dimethylnitrosamine\u2010induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"158","author":"Pritchard","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Pathology"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.3390\/life12111764","article-title":"An in-silico identification of potential flavonoids against kidney fibrosis targeting TGF\u03b2R-1","volume":"12","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"B111","first-page":"455","article-title":"The HLA complex and susceptibility to glomerulonephritis","volume":"5","author":"Rees","year":"1984","journal-title":"PLASMA Ther. and Transfus. Technol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1984.194","article-title":"The influence of HLA-linked genes on the severity of anti-GBM antibody-mediated nephritis","volume":"26","author":"Rees","year":"1984","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1592","article-title":"TRPC6 is a glomerular slit diaphragm-associated channel required for normal renal function","volume":"37","author":"Reiser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Genetics"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1088","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00661.2013","article-title":"ATP acting through P2Y receptors causes activation of podocyte TRPC6 channels: role of podocin and reactive oxygen species","volume":"306","author":"Roshanravan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiology-Renal Physiology"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255355","article-title":"Hypoxia: a link between fibrogenesis, angiogenesis, and carcinogenesis in liver disease","volume":"30","author":"Rosmorduc","year":"2010","journal-title":"Seminars Liver Disease"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0248-y","article-title":"Targeting the progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Ruiz-Ortega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6689","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201802224R","article-title":"Thy\u20101: more than a marker for mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"33","author":"Saalbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000468776","article-title":"Liver architecture","volume":"46","author":"Sasse","year":"1992","journal-title":"Enzyme"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780426","article-title":"Immortal activated human hepatic stellate cells generated by ectopic telomerase expression","volume":"82","author":"Schnabl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lab. Investigation"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677215571192","article-title":"The carbon tetrachloride model in mice","volume":"49","author":"Scholten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab. Animals"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713754","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/713754","article-title":"Genetic diseases that predispose to early liver cirrhosis","volume":"2014","author":"Scorza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hepatology"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502-P","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-502-P","article-title":"Novel rat models of diabetic nephropathy displaying pronounced tubular fibrosis and glomerular alterations","volume":"67","author":"Secher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-9139(95)90322-4","article-title":"Effects of extracellular matrices on tube formation of cultured rat hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells","volume":"22","author":"Shakado","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2016.12","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine alleviates angiotensin II-mediated renal fibrosis in mouse obstructed kidneys","volume":"37","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacologica Sin."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10663","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.20.10663","article-title":"Strain-specific differences in mouse hepatic wound healing are mediated by divergent T helper cytokine responses","volume":"94","author":"Shi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2016.12.035","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide as a central redox signaling molecule in physiological oxidative stress: oxidative eustress","volume":"11","author":"Sies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biology"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0230-3","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents","volume":"21","author":"Sies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Reviews Mol. Cell Biology"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00210.x","article-title":"Treatment of acute renal failure","volume":"54","author":"Star","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl16477","article-title":"Pathophysiology and management of alcoholic liver disease: update 2016","volume":"11","author":"Stickel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677214567748","article-title":"Induction of experimental obstructive cholestasis in mice","volume":"49","author":"Tag","year":"","journal-title":"Lab. Animals"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52438","DOI":"10.3791\/52438","article-title":"Bile duct ligation in mice: induction of inflammatory liver injury and fibrosis by obstructive cholestasis","volume":"96","author":"Tag","year":"","journal-title":"JoVE J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2019.1627220","article-title":"An optimized 5\/6 nephrectomy mouse model based on unilateral kidney ligation and its application in renal fibrosis research","volume":"41","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ren. Failure"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-013-0520-1","article-title":"Unilateral ureteral obstruction: beyond obstruction","volume":"46","author":"Ucero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Urology Nephrology"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2005","article-title":"Adenosine and kidney function","volume":"86","author":"Vallon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Reviews"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfi127","article-title":"Precision-cut liver slices as a new model to study toxicity-induced hepatic stellate cell activation in a physiologic milieu","volume":"85","author":"Van de Bovenkamp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2006.05.006","article-title":"Human liver slices as an in vitro model to study toxicity-induced hepatic stellate cell activation in a multicellular milieu","volume":"162","author":"Van de Bovenkamp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemico-biological Interactions"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-1536-6-18","article-title":"The role of mouse strain differences in the susceptibility to fibrosis: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Walkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fibrogenesis and Tissue Repair"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00342.x","article-title":"Progressive adriamycin nephropathy in mice: sequence of histologic and immunohistochemical events","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2005.00334.x","article-title":"Transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b2 and smad signalling in kidney diseases","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F167","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00197.2005","article-title":"Enhancing cGMP in experimental progressive renal fibrosis: soluble guanylate cyclase stimulation vs. phosphodiesterase inhibition","volume":"290","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiology-Renal Physiology"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-14-223","article-title":"Tyrosine kinases inhibition by imatinib slows progression in chronic anti-thy1 glomerulosclerosis of the rat","volume":"14","author":"Wang-Rosenke","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Nephrology"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109309","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00224","article-title":"Protein redox chemistry: post-translational cysteine modifications that regulate signal transduction and drug pharmacology","volume":"5","author":"Wani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacology"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/71361103","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity and mechanism of action of haloalkanes: carbon tetrachloride as a toxicological model","volume":"33","author":"Weber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Reviews Toxicology"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484-e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.02.054","article-title":"Ischemic postconditioning inhibits the renal fibrosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats","volume":"80","author":"Weng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G950","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00132.2011","article-title":"The extracellular matrix: an active or passive player in fibrosis","volume":"301","author":"Wight","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiology-Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1106215","article-title":"A mutation in the TRPC6 cation channel causes familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"308","author":"Winn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007337","article-title":"Kupffer cells: their activation and role in animal models of liver injury and human liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Winwood","year":"1993","journal-title":"Seminars Liver Disease"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2018.1490322","article-title":"3, 3\u2032-Diindolylmethane ameliorates renal fibrosis through the inhibition of renal fibroblast activation in vivo and in vitro","volume":"40","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ren. Failure"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.114.214205","article-title":"Astragaloside IV ameliorates renal fibrosis via the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases and antiapoptosis in vivo and in vitro","volume":"350","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddmod.2010.08.002","article-title":"Models of chronic kidney disease","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today Dis. Models"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.021","article-title":"The global epidemiology of NAFLD and NASH in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Younossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatology"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2024.111144","article-title":"The regulatory role of miRNA and lncRNA on autophagy in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"118","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2009.06.203","article-title":"Ischemic postconditioning modified renal oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation caused by ischemic reperfusion injury in rats","volume":"41","author":"Yun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplant. Proceedings"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.11.039","article-title":"Possible interaction between opioidergic and cholinergic systems of CA1 in cholestasis-induced amnesia in mice","volume":"228","author":"Zarrindast","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Research"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.10.004","article-title":"Biomarkers of obstructive nephropathy using a metabolomics approach in rat","volume":"296","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemico-biological Interactions"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16060848","article-title":"Oleuropein supplementation ameliorates long-course diabetic nephropathy and diabetic cardiomyopathy induced by advanced stage of type 2 diabetes in db\/db mice","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7312","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i23.7312","article-title":"Pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Journal Gastroenterology WJG"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.07.014","article-title":"Effect of chronic kidney disease on the healing of titanium implants","volume":"56","author":"Zou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1718048\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:31:23Z","timestamp":1771929083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1718048\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"references-count":158,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1718048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1718048","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"article-number":"1718048"}}