{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T20:38:47Z","timestamp":1793911127036,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease driven by lipid deposition, whose clinical management remains constrained by the limitations of existing pharmacological interventions. This review systematically elucidates the molecular mechanisms by which plant-derived compounds modulate AS through targeted regulation of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase\/protein kinase B (PI3K\/AKT) signaling pathway. Studies indicate that plant-derived compounds\u2014such as terpenoids (e.g., artemisinin and tanshinone IIA) and alkaloids (e.g., berberine)\u2014effectively attenuate the progression of AS via bidirectional modulation of the PI3K\/AKT pathway. In early stages, suppression of this pathway downregulates downstream mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB) protein expression, thereby mitigating inflammatory responses and lipid accumulation to inhibit plaque formation. Conversely, during advanced disease phases, moderate activation of the pathway upregulates key effectors, including autophagy-related protein (Beclin-1), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), promoting ferroptosis and autophagy in abnormal cells and thereby enhancing the stability of established plaques. It is noteworthy that the low bioavailability of plant-derived compounds and the stage-specific nature of pathway modulation remain critical challenges for clinical translation. In this review, we deepen the mechanistic understanding of plant-based interventions against AS and provide a theoretical foundation and innovative perspectives for the development of future botanically derived AS therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1722493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:48:20Z","timestamp":1773902900000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway: new strategies for treating atherosclerosis with plant-derived compounds"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuhan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamei","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fever Clinic, First Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siying","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yabin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07166-8","article-title":"Inflammation in atherosclerosis: pathophysiology and mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Ajoolabady","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.06.003","article-title":"Nanosizing techniques for improving bioavailability of drugs","volume":"260","author":"Al-Kassas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071273","article-title":"plant-derived compounds as modulators of Paraoxonase-1 in health and diseases","volume":"11","author":"Arab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100399","article-title":"Berberine's impact on health: comprehensive biological, pharmacological, and nutritional perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Asghari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabol. Open"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176338","article-title":"Hegemony of inflammation in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease","volume":"966","author":"Attiq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-06566-8_1","article-title":"Class I PI3K biology","volume":"436","author":"Aytenfisu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b00947","article-title":"Feeling nature's PAINS: natural products, natural product drugs, and pan assay interference compounds (PAINS)","volume":"79","author":"Baell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3843","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233843","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Batty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3669","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093669","article-title":"Potential effects of geraniol on cancer and inflammation-related diseases: a review of the recent research findings","volume":"28","author":"Ben Ammar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224817","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of geraniol isolated from lemon grass on Ox-LDL-Stimulated endothelial cells by upregulation of heme Oxygenase-1 via PI3K\/Akt and Nrf-2 signaling pathways","volume":"14","author":"Ben Ammar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24213961","article-title":"Medically useful plant terpenoids: biosynthesis, occurrence, and mechanism of action","volume":"24","author":"Bergman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113374","article-title":"Diversity in chemical structures and biological properties of plant alkaloids","volume":"26","author":"Bhambhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22111942","article-title":"Silybin, a major bioactive component of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaernt.)-Chemistry, bioavailability, and metabolism","volume":"22","author":"Bijak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.0c01227","article-title":"Toward an understanding of pan-assay interference compounds and promiscuity: a structural perspective on binding modes","volume":"61","author":"Bolz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.124.321106","article-title":"Associations between flavonoid intake and subclinical atherosclerosis: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Bondonno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.123.319572","article-title":"Cardiac lymphangiogenesis in CVDs","volume":"44","author":"Brakenhielm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071523","article-title":"Resveratrol and its effects on the vascular system","volume":"20","author":"Breuss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29163861","article-title":"Plant-derived terpenoids: a plethora of bioactive compounds with several health functions and industrial Applications-A comprehensive overview","volume":"29","author":"C\u00e2mara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051212","article-title":"The role of plant-derived compounds and gut microbiome in atherosclerosis in preclinical mouse models","volume":"15","author":"Centner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106328","article-title":"Zedoarondiol inhibits atherosclerosis by regulating monocyte migration and adhesion via CXCL12\/CXCR4 pathway","volume":"182","author":"Chai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4719","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: protective effects of plant-derived natural active compounds","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2007.05.007","article-title":"Risk factors for atherosclerosis and the development of preatherosclerotic intimal hyperplasia","volume":"16","author":"Cizek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110370","article-title":"Fucoxanthin alleviated atherosclerosis by regulating PI3K\/AKT and TLR4\/NF\u03baB mediated pyroptosis in endothelial cells","volume":"120","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110714","article-title":"The role of PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"123","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155276","article-title":"Qihuang zhuyu formula alleviates coronary microthrombosis by inhibiting PI3K\/Akt\/\u03b1IIb\u03b23-mediated platelet activation","volume":"125","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.08.030","article-title":"Novel long noncoding lncARF mediated hyperhomocysteinemia-induced atherosclerosis via autophagy inhibition in foam cells","volume":"73","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10091268","article-title":"Flavonoid nanoparticles: a promising approach for cancer therapy","volume":"10","author":"Dobrzynska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32920","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c03738","article-title":"Exploring the molecular mechanism of schisandrin C for the treatment of atherosclerosis via the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR autophagy pathway","volume":"9","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu281","article-title":"2014 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adult. The task force for the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases of the european society of cardiology (ESC)","volume":"35","author":"Erbel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.13202","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: known and unknown","volume":"72","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03357-1","article-title":"Arsenic trioxide induces macrophage autophagy and atheroprotection by regulating ROS-Dependent TFEB nuclear translocation and AKT\/mTOR pathway","volume":"12","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3632084","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3632084","article-title":"Papain ameliorates the MPAs formation-mediated activation of monocytes by inhibiting Cox-2 expression via regulating the MAPKs and PI3K\/Akt signal pathway","volume":"2018","author":"Fei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2023.2194531","article-title":"Papain exerts an anti-atherosclerosis effect with suppressed MPA-mediated foam cell formation by regulating the MAPK and PI3K\/Akt-NF-\u03baB pathways","volume":"27","author":"Fei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2021.1961823","article-title":"Kaempferol-induced GPER upregulation attenuates atherosclerosis via the PI3K\/AKT\/Nrf2 pathway","volume":"59","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154684","article-title":"Hydroxysafflor yellow A regulates lymphangiogenesis and inflammation via the inhibition of PI3K on regulating AKT\/mTOR and NF-\u03baB pathway in macrophages to reduce atherosclerosis in ApoE-\/- mice","volume":"112","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.S378976","article-title":"The beneficial effects of geniposide on glucose and lipid metabolism: a review","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel Ther."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990874","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.990874","article-title":"Akt isoforms in the immune system","volume":"13","author":"Guerau-de-Arellano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44542","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c05766","article-title":"Critical review of plant-derived compounds as possible inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 proteases: a comparison with experimentally validated molecules","volume":"7","author":"Guerra","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.S266911","article-title":"Pharmacological activity and mechanism of tanshinone IIA in related diseases","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel Ther."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107300","article-title":"PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential in depression","volume":"206","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7910","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097910","article-title":"Atherosclerosis and inflammation: insights from the theory of general pathological processes","volume":"24","author":"Gusev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/s0958-1669(03)00027-2","article-title":"New genes in alkaloid metabolism and transport","volume":"14","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-024-03207-4","article-title":"AKT kinases as therapeutic targets","volume":"43","author":"Hassan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.115.307611","article-title":"Epidemiology of atherosclerosis and the potential to reduce the global burden of atherothrombotic disease","volume":"118","author":"Herrington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15959","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c03422","article-title":"Living macrophage-delivered tetrapod PdH nanoenzyme for targeted atherosclerosis management by ROS scavenging, hydrogen anti-inflammation, and autophagy activation","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114869","article-title":"The bidirectional roles of the cGAS-STING pathway in pain processing: cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"163","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117512","article-title":"Pre-treatment with notoginsenoside R1 from Panax notoginseng protects against high-altitude-induced pulmonary edema by inhibiting pyroptosis through the NLRP3\/caspase-1\/GSDMD pathway","volume":"180","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-007-9023-4","article-title":"Stage-specific regulation of adhesion molecule expression segregates epithelial stem\/progenitor cells in fetal and adult human livers","volume":"2","author":"Inada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2022.11341","article-title":"Resveratrol protects against atherosclerosis by downregulating the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway in atherosclerosis model mice","volume":"23","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113822","article-title":"Nonylphenol inhibited HIF-1alpha regulated aerobic glycolysis and induced ROS mediated apoptosis in rat sertoli cells","volume":"241","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2011.00051","article-title":"PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway in angiogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Karar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-024-03939-z","article-title":"Stilbenes: a journey from folklore to pharmaceutical innovation","volume":"206","author":"Kaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157090","article-title":"Exploring the therapeutic potential of plant-derived compounds: challenges and strategies for clinical translation","volume":"145","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00955-7","article-title":"Inflammation and atherosclerosis: signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention","volume":"7","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8959","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c11144","article-title":"Tea polysaccharide ameliorates atherosclerosis by inhibiting insulin resistance-mediated hepatic VLDL overproduction","volume":"73","author":"Kuang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28030969","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic diseases: from pathophysiology to diagnosis and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Lampsas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0750-6907","article-title":"Pharmacological properties of geraniol - a review","volume":"85","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-024-00981-3","article-title":"Geniposide for treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a systematic review on its biological characteristics, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4201","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134201","article-title":"Rutin inhibits Ox-LDL-Mediated macrophage inflammation and foam cell formation by inducing autophagy and modulating PI3K\/ATK signaling","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-024-01005-y","article-title":"Urolithin B suppresses phenotypic switch in vascular smooth muscle cells induced by PDGF-BB via inhibiting the PI3K-AKT pathway","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4036","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8257","article-title":"Notoginsenoside R(1) decreases intraplaque neovascularization by governing pericyte-endothelial cell communication via Ang1\/Tie2 axis in atherosclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac641","article-title":"JCAD promotes arterial thrombosis through PI3K\/Akt modulation: a translational study","volume":"44","author":"Liberale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.S242521","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide protects against high glucose-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell injury through activating PI3K\/Akt\/eNOS pathway","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel Ther."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809955","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.809955","article-title":"Autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis: new regulatory mechanisms for atherosclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155617","article-title":"Geniposide ameliorates atherosclerosis by restoring lipophagy via suppressing PARP1\/PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway","volume":"129","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112703","article-title":"Akt signaling in macrophage polarization, survival, and atherosclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Linton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110433","article-title":"Targeting foam cell formation and macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis: the therapeutic potential of rhubarb","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118714","article-title":"Paeonol inhibits apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells via up-regulation of autophagy by activating class III PI3K\/Beclin-1 signaling pathway","volume":"264","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568722","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1568722","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome: a therapeutic target of plant-derived compounds in treating atherosclerosis (a systematic review)","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13921","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13921","article-title":"Rutin is a potent senomorphic agent to target senescent cells and can improve chemotherapeutic efficacy","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2023.2168020","article-title":"PI3K\/AKT\/SERBP-1 pathway regulates Alisma orientalis beverage treatment of atherosclerosis in APOE(-\/-) high-fat diet mice","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116855","article-title":"Sargentodoxa cuneata and Patrinia villosa extract inhibits LPS-induced inflammation by shifting macrophages polarization through FAK\/PI3K\/Akt pathway regulation and glucose metabolism reprogramming","volume":"318","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238782","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1238782","article-title":"Progression of the PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2021.2010775","article-title":"Myristicin regulates proliferation and apoptosis in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-stimulated human vascular smooth muscle cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells by regulating the PI3K\/Akt\/NF-\u03baB signalling pathway","volume":"60","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107658","article-title":"The birth of artemisinin","volume":"216","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2500610","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202500610","article-title":"Wogonin attenuates atherosclerosis via KLF11-Mediated suppression of PPAR\u03b1-YAP1-Driven glycolysis and enhancement of ABCA1\/G1-Mediated cholesterol efflux","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.2c00372","article-title":"Optimization of an in silico protocol using probe permeabilities to identify membrane pan-assay interference compounds","volume":"62","author":"Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.04.001","article-title":"AKT\/PKB signaling: navigating the network","volume":"169","author":"Manning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108096","article-title":"Morin hydrate inhibits atherosclerosis and LPS-induced endothelial cells inflammatory responses by modulating the NF\u03baB signaling-mediated autophagy","volume":"100","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8939","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23168939","article-title":"New progress in early diagnosis of atherosclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.11.007","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risks, 1990-2022","volume":"82","author":"Mensah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822333","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.822333","article-title":"Akt: a potential drug target for metabolic syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Miao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030734","article-title":"Kirenol: a potential natural lead molecule for a new drug design, development, and therapy for inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Nasir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.123.067587","article-title":"Atherosclerosis is a smooth muscle cell-driven tumor-like disease","volume":"149","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-04735-3","article-title":"The relevance of resveratrol in ameliorating carotid atherosclerosis through glycolysis","volume":"25","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500264","article-title":"Urolithins, gut microbiota-derived metabolites of ellagitannins, inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages","volume":"59","author":"Piwowarski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5585303","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5585303","article-title":"Kirenol inhibits B[a]P-Induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in endothelial cells via modulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"2021","author":"Rajendran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111511","article-title":"Morin hydrate: a comprehensive review on novel natural dietary bioactive compound with versatile biological and pharmacological potential","volume":"138","author":"Rajput","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159x22666240524160126","article-title":"Multi-target phenylpropanoids against epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac020","article-title":"Side effects of statins: from pathophysiology and epidemiology to diagnostic and therapeutic implications","volume":"118","author":"Ruscica","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00979-8","article-title":"Atherosclerotic plaque stabilization and regression: a review of clinical evidence","volume":"21","author":"Sarraju","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-021-0898-6","article-title":"Discovery and repurposing of artemisinin","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02268-w","article-title":"MG-132 activates sodium palmitate-induced autophagy in human vascular smooth muscle cells and inhibits senescence via the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR axis","volume":"23","author":"Shu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4559","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154559","article-title":"Polysaccharide structures and their hypocholesterolemic potential","volume":"26","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e140627","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140627","article-title":"LncRNA VINAS regulates atherosclerosis by modulating NF-\u03baB and MAPK signaling","volume":"5","author":"Simion","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00198-1","article-title":"Targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis - from experimental insights to the clinic","volume":"20","author":"Soehnlein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8135","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.1987130","article-title":"Berberine inhibited carotid atherosclerosis through PI3K\/AKTmTOR signaling pathway","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2819658","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2819658","article-title":"Gypenoside inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis in atherosclerosis by modulating mitochondria through PI3K\/Akt\/Bad pathway","volume":"2020","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6249","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206249","article-title":"Progress in the medicinal value, bioactive compounds, and pharmacological activities of Gynostemma pentaphyllum","volume":"26","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7696","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26247696","article-title":"Withaferin A: from ancient remedy to potential drug candidate","volume":"26","author":"Sultana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.24976\/Discov.Med.202436184.99","article-title":"Astragaloside IV mediates the PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR pathway to alleviate injury and modulate the composition of intestinal flora in ApoE(-\/-) atherosclerosis model rats","volume":"36","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2021-0009","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: immunopathogenesis and strategies for immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Tabares-Guevara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4060","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11244060","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cells phenotypic switching in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4976","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26164976","article-title":"Biological activities of paeonol in cardiovascular diseases: a review","volume":"26","author":"Vellasamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107413","article-title":"Palmatine protects against atherosclerosis by gut microbiota and phenylalanine metabolism","volume":"209","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4670","article-title":"Ferroptosis: latest evidence and perspectives on plant-derived natural active compounds mitigating doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/mca.0000000000000835","article-title":"Tanshinone IIA protects mice against atherosclerotic injury by activating the TGF-\u03b2\/PI3K\/Akt\/eNOS pathway","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coron. Artery Dis."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-3286","article-title":"Role of the PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway in liver ischemia reperfusion injury: a narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102763","article-title":"NOX2 inhibition stabilizes vulnerable plaques by enhancing macrophage efferocytosis via MertK\/PI3K\/AKT pathway","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377470","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1377470","article-title":"Immuno-modulatory role of baicalin in atherosclerosis prevention and treatment: current scenario and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111270","article-title":"Artemisinin protects endothelial function and vasodilation from oxidative damage via activation of PI3K\/Akt\/eNOS pathway","volume":"147","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.123.319426","article-title":"FSH is responsible for androgen deprivation therapy-associated atherosclerosis in mice by exaggerating endothelial inflammation and monocyte adhesion","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156953","article-title":"Integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology reveal the PI3K\/Akt-mediated therapeutic mechanism of Abrus cantoniensis in lipid metabolism disorders","volume":"145","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47050308","article-title":"Fraxin alleviates atherosclerosis by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory responses via the TLR4\/PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2204142","article-title":"A narrative review of plant and herbal medicines for delaying diabetic atherosclerosis: an update and future perspectives","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946832","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.946832","article-title":"Macrophage autophagy in macrophage polarization, chronic inflammation and organ fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13682","article-title":"Konjac glucomannan defends against high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits by promoting the PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"9","author":"Weng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690116","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.690116","article-title":"Paeonol for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a pharmacological and mechanistic overview","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12866","article-title":"New insight into dyslipidemia-induced cellular senescence in atherosclerosis","volume":"97","author":"Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb Philos. Soc."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154536","article-title":"Nuciferine attenuates atherosclerosis by regulating the proliferation and migration of VSMCs through the Calm4\/MMP12\/AKT pathway in ApoE((-\/-)) mice fed with high-fat-diet","volume":"108","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2023.106768","article-title":"Tartary buckwheat protein-derived peptide AFYRW alleviates H(2)O(2)-induced vascular injury via the PI3K\/AKT\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"169","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prostagl. Other Lipid Mediat"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117186","article-title":"Saponins derived from Gynostemma pentaphyllum regulate triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism and the mechanisms: a review","volume":"319","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155889","article-title":"Anthocyanins as natural bioactives with anti-hypertensive and atherosclerotic potential: health benefits and recent advances","volume":"132","author":"Xin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.06.016","article-title":"Challenges and advances in the management of inflammation in atherosclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Xing","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2007.03.010","article-title":"Oral bioavailability of curcumin in rat and the herbal analysis from Curcuma longa by LC-MS\/MS","volume":"853","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321880","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1321880","article-title":"Tanshinone IIA: a Chinese herbal ingredient for the treatment of atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113223","article-title":"Stilbene glycosides alleviate atherosclerosis partly by promoting lipophagy of dendritic cells","volume":"143","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.09.006","article-title":"The evolutionary advantage of artemisinin production by Artemisia annua","volume":"30","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.12.009","article-title":"Biological activities and pharmaceutical applications of polysaccharide from natural resources: a review","volume":"183","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03440-4","article-title":"Development and safety of PI3K inhibitors in cancer","volume":"97","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9020067","article-title":"Getting the akt together: guiding intracellular akt activity by PI3K","volume":"9","author":"Yudushkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-018-0268-4","article-title":"Activation of the JAK\/STAT3 and PI3K\/AKT pathways are crucial for IL-6 trans-signaling-mediated pro-inflammatory response in human vascular endothelial cells","volume":"16","author":"Zegeye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7052","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27207052","article-title":"Important hormones regulating lipid metabolism","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2007.04824.x","article-title":"2,3,4',5-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside suppresses matrix metalloproteinase expression and inflammation in atherosclerotic rats","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2024.114099","article-title":"Production and pharmaceutical research of minor saponins in Panax notoginseng (sanqi): current status and future prospects","volume":"223","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588259","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.588259","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1-Notoginsenoside R1-Protocatechuic aldehyde reduces atherosclerosis and attenuates low-shear stress-induced vascular endothelial cell dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23154","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23154","article-title":"Modulatory action of withaferin-A on oxidative damage through regulation of inflammatory mediators and apoptosis via PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway in high cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in experimental rats","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490387","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1490387","article-title":"Mechanisms and treatment of atherosclerosis: focus on macrophages","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-020-09909-1","article-title":"Lycium barbarum polysaccharide protects against Homocysteine-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and phenotypic transformation via PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Histol."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632378","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.632378","article-title":"Role of PI3K in the progression and regression of atherosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11117-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-025-11117-z","article-title":"Matrine alleviates atherosclerosis by targeting REG1A and activating the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway to inhibit endothelial cell ferroptosis","volume":"63","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Genet."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13298","article-title":"GYY4137 exhibits anti-atherosclerosis effect in apolipoprotein E (-\/-) mice via PI3K\/Akt and TLR4 signalling","volume":"47","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039241","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1039241","article-title":"ROS-triggered endothelial cell death mechanisms: focus on pyroptosis, parthanatos, and ferroptosis","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2021.1925996","article-title":"The effect of lycium barbarum polysaccharide on the glucose and lipid metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Nutr. Assoc."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167577","article-title":"Zdhhc1 deficiency mitigates foam cell formation and atherosclerosis by inhibiting PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway through facilitating the nuclear translocation of p110\u03b1","volume":"1871","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/fjc.0000000000000691","article-title":"Danhong injection attenuates high-fat-induced atherosclerosis and macrophage lipid accumulation by regulating the PI3K\/AKT insulin pathway","volume":"74","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc Pharmacol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109362","article-title":"Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate: a review of pharmacological activity and pharmacokinetics","volume":"118","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1722493\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:48:22Z","timestamp":1773902902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1722493\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":147,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1722493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1722493","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"article-number":"1722493"}}