{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:02:13Z","timestamp":1786122133549,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis represents the most common form of kidney stone disease, characterized by limited therapeutic interventions and a high rate of recurrence.\n                      <jats:italic>Grona styracifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Osbeck) H.Ohashi and K.Ohashi [syn.:\n                      <jats:italic>Desmodium styracifolium<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Osbeck) Merr.; Fabaceae], a traditional Chinese medicinal plant has been empirically used to treat urolithiasis; however, the mechanisms underlying its efficacy remain poorly elucidated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To investigate the anti-lithogenic mechanisms of total flavonoids of\n                      <jats:italic>G. styracifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      capsules (DS) in calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal deposition and their renal-associated injury.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to an ethylene glycol-induced CaOx nephrolithiasis model. The animals received DS treatment (50, 100, and 200\u00a0mg\/kg) for 1\u00a0month. Thereafter, Renal histopathology was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Furthermore, biochemical parameters such as calcium, inorganic phosphorus, creatinine, and urea nitrogen levels were assessed. Endoplasmic reticulum stress markers and autophagy-related proteins were assessed using quantitative PCR and Western blotting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The DS treatment significantly reduced CaOx crystal deposition and the associated renal injury compared to untreated controls. In addition, treated animals demonstrated improved renal function, as evidenced by decreased levels of calcium, creatinine, inorganic phosphorus, and urea nitrogen. Histological examination revealed attenuated renal fibrosis and improved kidney morphology. Mechanistic investigations have indicated that the administration of DS is linked to the modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy, processes that are disrupted by the formation of kidney stones and urinary obstruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The DS significantly mitigate CaOx nephrolithiasis by modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. This finding highlights its traditional therapeutic application and suggests its potential development as a phytotherapeutic agent for the prevention of kidney stones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1731363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T08:42:02Z","timestamp":1786092122000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Total flavonoids of Grona styracifolia (Osbeck) H.Ohashi and K.Ohashi capsules alleviate renal urolithiasis by modulating autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Tenth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhongshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhongshan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren-Ling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, Shanxi, China"]},{"name":"Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Zhongshan, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Zhongshan, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongxiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Tenth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhongshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhongshan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinkai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Tenth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhongshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhongshan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallah Iddy","family":"Chaurembo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Zhongshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Chanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Zhongshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baraka Simon","family":"Mayamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Zhongshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shusheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingchen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Tenth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhongshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhongshan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Hui","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Zhongshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Drug Discovery from Natural Resources and Industrialization, State Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Quality of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology","place":["Taipa, Macau, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-Bin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Zhongshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Drug Discovery from Natural Resources and Industrialization, State Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Quality of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology","place":["Taipa, Macau, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Tenth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhongshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhongshan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-052521-121822","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying calcium nephrolithiasis","volume":"84","author":"Alexander","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01570-w","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress: molecular mechanism and therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03630-6","article-title":"Edaravone mitigates calcium oxalate-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury by inhibiting autophagy-mediated ferroptosis","volume":"398","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedeb. Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2009.06.005","article-title":"p38(MAPK): stress responses from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Coulthard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.010","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide promotes hyperoxaluria-induced calcium oxalate deposition and kidney injury by activating autophagy","volume":"179","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18235","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.18235","article-title":"Understanding formation processes of calcareous nephrolithiasis in renal interstitium and tubule lumen","volume":"28","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2403992","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202403992","article-title":"CHAC1 mediates endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent ferroptosis in calcium oxalate kidney stone formation","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.03.019","article-title":"Autophagy inhibition attenuates hyperoxaluria-induced renal tubular oxidative injury and calcium oxalate crystal depositions in the rat kidney","volume":"16","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57060566","article-title":"Protective effects of quercetin on oxidative stress-induced tubular epithelial damage in the experimental rat Hyperoxaluria Model","volume":"57","author":"Guzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Kaunas."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704334","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.704334","article-title":"Mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress in cerebral ischemia","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17060805","article-title":"Sulfated laminarin polysaccharides reduce the adhesion of Nano-COM crystals to renal epithelial cells by inhibiting oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharm. (Basel)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00620","article-title":"Exploring the therapeutic mechanism of Desmodium styracifolium on oxalate crystal-induced kidney injuries using comprehensive approaches based on proteomics and network pharmacology","volume":"9","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0332-x","article-title":"Genetics of kidney stone disease","volume":"17","author":"Howles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.11.017","article-title":"Inhibition of KCa3.1 suppresses TGF-beta1 induced MCP-1 expression in human proximal tubular cells through Smad3, p38 and ERK1\/2 signaling pathways","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13598","article-title":"Cell death induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"283","author":"Iurlaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-022-01347-w","article-title":"Puerarin prevents calcium oxalate crystal-induced renal epithelial cell autophagy by activating the SIRT1-mediated signaling pathway","volume":"50","author":"Jing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.05.078","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species as the molecular modulators of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation: evidence from clinical and experimental investigations","volume":"189","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109649","article-title":"Autophagy-endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibition mechanism of superoxide dismutase in the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones","volume":"121","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-025-01702-7","article-title":"Molecular insights into cell signaling pathways in kidney stone formation","volume":"53","author":"Kaur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391139","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.2024.2391139","article-title":"Sigma-1 receptor exerts protective effects on ameliorating nephrolithiasis by modulating endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrion association and inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"29","author":"Ke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16008","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.8","article-title":"Kidney stones","volume":"2","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1309485","article-title":"Autophagy and kidney inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Kimura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.03.071","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids, GPR41 and GPR43 ligands, inhibit TNF-alpha-induced MCP-1 expression by modulating p38 and JNK signaling pathways in human renal cortical epithelial cells","volume":"486","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2022.166442","article-title":"Hydroxyproline stimulates inflammation and reprograms macrophage signaling in a rat kidney stone model","volume":"1868","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.7.1056","article-title":"Diverse roles of TGF-\u03b2\/Smads in renal fibrosis and inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Lan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01609-x","article-title":"Phosphorylation of LAMP2A by p38 MAPK couples ER stress to chaperone-mediated autophagy","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008264","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1008264","article-title":"The role of autophagy in calcium oxalate kidney stone: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1159\/000487678","article-title":"Inhibition of Autophagy attenuated ethylene glycol induced crystals deposition and renal injury in a rat model of nephrolithiasis","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105668","article-title":"Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor prevents nephrolithiasis in non-diabetes by restoring impaired autophagic flux","volume":"114","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2017.11.010","article-title":"Inflammation and fibrosis","author":"Mack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-022-00494-5","article-title":"Oxalate-induced apoptosis through ERS-ROS-NF-kappaB signalling pathway in renal tubular epithelial cell","volume":"28","author":"Ming","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.10.049","article-title":"Effect of pain chronification and chronic pain on an endogenous pain modulation circuit in rats","volume":"286","author":"Miranda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012513-104649","article-title":"The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in human pathology","volume":"10","author":"Oakes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-019-01143-z","article-title":"P38 MAPK signaling pathway mediates COM crystal-induced crystal adhesion change in rat renal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"48","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3492","article-title":"Clinical review. Kidney stones 2012: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management","volume":"97","author":"Sakhaee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2011.09.005","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces autophagy through activation of p38 MAPK in fibroblasts from Pompe disease patients carrying c.546G>T mutation","volume":"104","author":"Shimada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metabolism"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061917","article-title":"Nutrition and kidney stone disease","volume":"13","author":"Siener","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107598","article-title":"MCP-1: function, regulation, and involvement in disease","volume":"101","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2020.1810401","article-title":"Melatonin inhibits oxalate-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in HK-2 cells by activating the AMPK pathway","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-017-2008-6","article-title":"Epidemiology of stone disease across the world","volume":"35","author":"Sorokin","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.117232","article-title":"Effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated excessive autophagy on apoptosis and formation of kidney stones","volume":"244","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25053075","article-title":"Pathophysiology and main molecular mechanisms of urinary stone Formation and recurrence","volume":"25","author":"Tamborino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115973","article-title":"Function and inhibition of P38 MAP kinase signaling: targeting multiple inflammation diseases","volume":"220","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31272","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.31272","article-title":"Carboxymethylated Desmodium styracifolium polysaccharide reduces the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation by inhibiting crystal adhesion and promoting crystal endocytosis","volume":"239","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081926","article-title":"The molecular aspect of nephrolithiasis development","volume":"10","author":"Wigner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.71595","article-title":"Smad3 signatures in renal inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2024.5376","article-title":"Cell death-related molecules and targets in the progression of urolithiasis (Review)","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176738","article-title":"The synergistic anti-nociceptive effects of nefopam and gabapentinoids in inflammatory, osteoarthritis, and neuropathic pain mouse models","volume":"977","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00032.x","article-title":"Expression, roles, receptors, and regulation of osteopontin in the kidney","volume":"60","author":"Xie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-017-3201-z","article-title":"Total flavone of Desmodium styracifolium relieved apoptosis and autophagy of COM-induced HK-2 cells by regulating KIM-1 via p38\/MAPK pathway","volume":"442","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142207","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1142207","article-title":"Metabolic changes in kidney stone disease","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114250","article-title":"Umbelliferone attenuates calcium oxalate crystal-induced renal injury and inflammation by attenuating autophagy through the PI3K\/AKT pathway","volume":"150","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2017.1305968","article-title":"Calcium oxalate crystals induces tight junction disruption in distal renal tubular epithelial cells by activating ROS\/Akt\/p38 MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"39","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ren. Fail"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08757-7","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of Desmodium styracifolium polysaccharide in attenuating nano-calcium oxalate induced renal injury and fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030327","article-title":"Endoplasmic Reticulum stress and associated ROS","volume":"17","author":"Zeeshan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-017-0985-y","article-title":"Total flavonoids of Desmodium styracifolium attenuates the formation of hydroxy-L-proline-induced calcium oxalate urolithiasis in rats","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.2017.58.5.299","article-title":"Epidemiology and economics of nephrolithiasis","volume":"58","author":"Ziemba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Clin. Urol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1731363\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T08:42:03Z","timestamp":1786092123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1731363\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1731363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1731363","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"article-number":"1731363"}}