{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:27:24Z","timestamp":1772638044953,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate outcomes of different doses of esketamine in postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) combined with preoperative intercostal nerve block (ICNB) analgesia protocol for acute postoperative pain (APP) relief in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lobectomy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 360 patients scheduled for thoracoscopic lobectomy at Xuzhou Central Hospital between October 2021 and July 2023 were enrolled and randomly assigned into three groups using the random envelope method. Before anesthesia induction, all patients received ICNB, followed by general anesthesia. Group C received PCIA using sufentanil at 0.03\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg\/h, Group K1 received a low dose of esketamine at 0.015\u00a0mg\/kg\/h in PCIA, and Group K2 received a moderate dose of esketamine at 0.03\u00a0mg\/kg\/h in PCIA. Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) pain scores were recorded at 2, 4, 24, 48, and 72\u00a0h postoperatively. The incidence of APP within 72\u00a0h post-surgery, the requirement for rescue analgesia and the occurrence of adverse reactions, were assessed and recorded for the three groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were significantly lower NRS scores in Group K2 at 2, 4, 24, 48, and 72\u00a0h postoperatively, compared to Groups C and K1 (P &amp;lt; 0.01). However, there were no statistically significant differences in NRS scores between Group C and Group K1 (P &amp;gt; 0.05). The incidence of APP within 72\u00a0h postoperatively was significantly lower in Group K2, compared to Group C and Group K1 (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Additionally, Group C exhibited a significantly higher the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) than the other two groups (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Group K2 demonstrated superior postoperative analgesic efficacy, including reduced rescue analgesia needs and lower opioid consumption, without affecting hospital stay length compared to Groups C and K1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A dose of 0.03\u00a0mg\/kg\/h esketamine in PCIA combined with preoperative ICNB significantly alleviates APP in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lobectomy, reducing resting pain scores by approximately 30% at 24\u00a0h compared to sufentanil-based analgesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , Identifier ChiCTR2100051000.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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