{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T09:19:49Z","timestamp":1771406389572,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":239,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tujia medicine categorizes drugs with similar effects into several major classes based on their ordinal numbers, primarily using the 36 and 72 ordinal number systems for organization. The drugs that mainly function to dispel wind and cold, promote blood circulation and disperse blood stasis, eliminate fire, dispel qi, relieve pain, and address dampness. Additionally, clearing the lymphatic system is collectively known as the \u201cSeventy-Two Lian\u201d method. This narrative review aims to provide a classification of \u201cSeventy-Two Lian\u201d and their attributions to alias, source, nature, flavor, and efficiency. It also summarizes the modern pharmacological effects of each species and its corresponding \u201cLian\u201d drug. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the Tujia \u201cLian\u201d drugs and to promote further research and the use of these resources. The literature search for \u201cLian\u201d drugs was conducted across various scientific databases, including SciFinder, Web of Science, Elsevier, PubMed, and CNKI, as well as ancient books and monographs. It collected the names, plant sources, and medicinal parts of \u201cLian\u201d drugs from these sources, and identified the replaced Latin names in Chinese Plant Intelligence (\n                    <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.iplant.cn<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ). Relevant pharmacological studies were searched across various databases using Latin names and common names. The \u201cSeventy-Two Lian\u201d has a long history within Tujia ethnomedicine. Alongside its traditional uses, modern pharmacological effects have gained widespread attention. Recent studies have shown that \u201cLian\u201d drugs generally exhibit a range of effects, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, insecticidal, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects, as confirmed by\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies. Additionally, this review article addresses the limitations of current \u201cLian\u201d drug research and other pharmacological aspects, as well as future opportunities for toxicological studies. Tujia ethnomedicines, as an essential part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), have developed a unique theoretical framework and drug classification approach through extensive medical practice. This study focuses on the characteristic \u201cLian\u201d drugs of the Tujia ethnic group, reviewing their botanical origins, medicinal properties (nature, flavor, and meridian tropism), and traditional uses. The \u201cLian\u201d drugs of the Tujia people exhibit significant efficacy in clearing heat and detoxifying the body, promoting blood circulation to remove stasis, dispelling wind and dampness, stopping bleeding, and promoting diuresis. By integrating modern phytochemical and pharmacological research, this study examines the active metabolites and biological activities of these medicinal botanical drugs, providing critical theoretical foundations and practical guidance for the Tujia ethnic medicines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1747999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T08:42:41Z","timestamp":1771404161000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comprehensive review of tujia \u201cLian\u201d medicinal botanical drugs: traditional classification system, phytochemical, and pharmacological profile"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Kuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]},{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan Food and Drug Vocational College","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Aamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]},{"name":"H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi","place":["Karachi, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piaopiao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feibing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yupei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenbing","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caiyun","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14050327","article-title":"The toxicity of Eichhornia crassipes fractionated extracts against Aphis craccivora and its safety in albino rats","volume":"14","author":"Abdelkhalek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1080\/14756360701810140","article-title":"Norditerpenoid alkaloids from the roots of Aconitum heterophyllum Wall with antibacterial activity","volume":"23","author":"Ahmad","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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