{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:17:39Z","timestamp":1787962659921,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and related critical illnesses remain leading global causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity, and magnesium sulfate is now a cornerstone therapy across obstetric, perinatal, and critical-care settings. However, its use in practice remains heterogeneous. This narrative, practice-oriented review synthesizes mechanistic, pharmacologic, clinical, and implementation evidence on magnesium sulfate use in pregnancy and critical illness. We draw on mechanistic and pharmacokinetic studies, randomized and observational clinical research, guidelines, and quality-improvement reports, emphasizing literature from 2020 to 2025 and selectively incorporating earlier landmark trials and classic pharmacology papers. We describe the multi-mechanistic actions that underpin anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects, summarize pharmacokinetic variability and exposure targets, and appraise efficacy and safety across key indications, including prevention and treatment of eclampsia and severe preeclampsia, antenatal neuroprotection before very preterm birth, treatment of acute severe hypertension, and perioperative or critical-care adjunct use. We highlight how renal function, body size, and co-administered sedative or neuromuscular blocking agents shape dosing, toxicity risk, and monitoring strategies, and we contrast clinical examination\u2013led and laboratory-led approaches to safety surveillance. At the systems level, we synthesize evidence on digital order sets, early-warning tools, remote postpartum blood pressure monitoring, and equity-stratified quality bundles designed to close gaps in timely treatment and safe monitoring, particularly in low-resource settings. Remaining gaps include precision dosing in special populations, long-term outcomes after antenatal exposure, and formal economic evaluations of care bundles that incorporate magnesium sulfate. Collectively, this review reframes magnesium sulfate as part of an integrated maternal and critical-care safety bundle and proposes a research agenda that links pharmacology, clinical trials, and implementation science to safer and more equitable use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1749828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T08:41:23Z","timestamp":1771576883000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Magnesium sulfate pharmacology for maternal and critical-care indications: mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and the therapeutic window"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mingya","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sha","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.10.017","article-title":"Magnesium disorders: core curriculum 2024","volume":"83","author":"Adomako","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(02)08778-0","article-title":"Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The magpie trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"359","author":"Altman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2012.0013","article-title":"Placental secretion of interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in preeclampsia: effect of magnesium sulfate","volume":"32","author":"Amash","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia: ACOG practice bulletin no. 222","year":"2020"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.801105.x","article-title":"A low dose (\u201cDhaka\u201d) magnesium sulphate regime for eclampsia","volume":"80","author":"Begum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5114\/ait\/199777","article-title":"Influence of magnesium sulfate on the pharmacodynamic characteristics of rocuronium. A randomized clinical trial","volume":"57","author":"Benette","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anaesthesiol. Intensive Ther."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2023.10.005","article-title":"Treatment of acute-onset hypertension in pregnancy: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing anti-hypertensives and route of administration","volume":"34","author":"Bhat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Severe hypertension in pregnancy patient safety bundle","author":"Birth","year":"2022"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144170","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1144170","article-title":"Preeclampsia pathophysiology and adverse outcomes during pregnancy and postpartum","volume":"10","author":"Bisson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2022.10.003","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate use in pregnancy for preeclampsia prophylaxis and fetal neuroprotection: regimens in high-income and low\/middle-income countries","volume":"50","author":"Brookfield","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004137","article-title":"Alternate dosing protocol for magnesium sulfate in obese women with preeclampsia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"136","author":"Brookfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xagr.2021.100018","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate pharmacokinetics after intramuscular dosing in women with preeclampsia","volume":"1","author":"Brookfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"AJOG Glob. Rep."},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Supporting timely treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy (slide set)","year":"2022"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281714","DOI":"10.1080\/19336950.2023.2281714","article-title":"Voltage gated sodium and calcium channels: discovery, structure, function","volume":"17","author":"Catterall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Channels (Austin)."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916626","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.916626","article-title":"Synaptic NMDA receptor activity at resting membrane potentials","volume":"16","author":"Chiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04107-6","article-title":"Effects of intravenous administration of magnesium sulfate in propofol-based sedation for ERCP in elderly patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.10.007","article-title":"Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine special statement: a quality metric for evaluating timely treatment of severe hypertension","volume":"226","author":"Combs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.073302","article-title":"Hypertension in pregnancy and postpartum: current standards and opportunities to improve care","volume":"151","author":"Countouris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.12357","article-title":"Prenatal intravenous magnesium at 30\u201334 weeks\u2019 gestation and neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring: the MAGENTA randomized clinical trial","volume":"330","author":"Crowther","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-020-00315-2","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of magnesium sulfate in Preeclampsia and associated factors","volume":"20","author":"da Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs R. D."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56348","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.56348","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate and its versatility in Anesthesia: a comprehensive review","volume":"16","author":"Dahake","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2024.101126","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate in preeclampsia: broad indications, not only in neurological symptoms","volume":"36","author":"De Oliveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06620-x","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics and dose optimization of magnesium sulfate in Chinese preeclampsia population","volume":"24","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD007388","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007388.pub3","article-title":"Alternative magnesium sulphate regimens for women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia","volume":"10","author":"Diaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00417-6","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia","volume":"9","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"B25","volume-title":"Magnesium sulfate","year":"2006"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16913","article-title":"Factors affecting use of magnesium sulphate for pre-eclampsia or eclampsia: a qualitative evidence synthesis","volume":"129","author":"Eddy","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2024-017763","article-title":"Implementation of national guidelines on antenatal magnesium sulfate for neonatal neuroprotection: extended evaluation of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the National PReCePT Programme in England","volume":"35","author":"Edwards","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Qual. Saf."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.09.037","article-title":"Eclampsia in the 21st century","volume":"226","author":"Fishel Bartal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2013.03.034","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate provides neuroprotection in lipopolysaccharide-activated primary microglia by inhibiting NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"184","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000748","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2023-000748","article-title":"Development of a national maternity early warning score: centile based score development and Delphi informed escalation pathways","volume":"3","author":"Gerry","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003891","article-title":"Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia: ACOG practice bulletin, number 222","volume":"135","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B32","unstructured":"GINA 2024 strategy report\n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B33","unstructured":"GINA reports\n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-018-4850-1","article-title":"Magnesium sulphate can alleviate oxidative stress and reduce inflammatory cytokines in rat placenta of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy model","volume":"298","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2024.1389","article-title":"Postpartum ambulatory blood pressure patterns following new-onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Hauspurg","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"B36","volume-title":"Clinical practice guideline: antenatal magnesium sulphate for fetal neuro-protection","year":"2013"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14673","article-title":"A follow up on the feasibility after national implementation of magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection prior to preterm birth","volume":"102","author":"Hellstr\u00f6m","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"Magnesium sulfate","author":"Hicks","year":"2023"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23528-z","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of maternal hypertensive disorder: 1990\u20132021 analysis and future projections","volume":"25","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4077\/cjp.2010.amk063","article-title":"Role of ERK signaling in the neuroprotective efficacy of magnesium sulfate treatment during focal cerebral ischemia in the gerbil cortex","volume":"53","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.4077\/CJP.2015.BAD296","article-title":"Attenuation of magnesium sulfate on CoCl2-Induced cell death by activating ERK1\/2\/MAPK and inhibiting HIF-1\u03b1 via mitochondrial apoptotic signaling suppression in a neuronal cell line","volume":"58","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B42","volume-title":"Magnesium sulphate for neonatal neuro-protection guideline (guideline no. 662) version 2.0","year":"2024"},{"key":"B43","volume-title":"Severe hypertension in pregnancy change package","year":"2025"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00734-y","article-title":"A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13022","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate reduces postoperative pain in women with cesarean section: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.09.008","article-title":"The 2021 International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy classification, diagnosis and management recommendations for international practice","volume":"27","author":"Magee","year":"","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2109523","article-title":"Preeclampsia","volume":"386","author":"Magee","year":"","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B48","article-title":"Eclampsia. [Updated 2024 Oct 6]","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Magley","year":"2025"},{"key":"B49","article-title":"Hypermagnesemia \u2013 endocrine and metabolic disorders: electrolyte disorders","volume-title":"In the MSD manual professional version","year":"2025"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-025-05430-9","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate toxicity successfully managed with hemodialysis: a case report","volume":"19","author":"Miri","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2624734","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2624734","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate attenuates lethality and oxidative damage induced by different models of hypoxia in mice","volume":"2020","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e034031","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.034031","article-title":"Implementation of a cell-enabled remote blood pressure monitoring program during the postpartum period at a safety-net Hospital","volume":"13","author":"Mujic","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B53","volume-title":"Preterm labour and birth: NICE guideline NG25","year":"2015"},{"key":"B54","volume-title":"Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management (NG133)","year":"2019"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.11.005","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate and risk of postpartum uterine atony and hemorrhage: a meta-analysis","volume":"256","author":"Pergialiotis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2024.101141","article-title":"Early magnesium discontinuation postpartum and eclampsia risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Quist-Nelson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2006.06.004","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate suppresses inflammatory responses by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HuVECs) through the NFkappaB pathway","volume":"73","author":"Rochelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2023.10.005","article-title":"Neuromuscular block management: evidence-based principles and practice","volume":"24","author":"Rodney","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJA Educ."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02916-w","article-title":"Recommendation on an updated standardization of serum magnesium reference ranges","volume":"61","author":"Rosanoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.125944","article-title":"Effectiveness of nifedipine, labetalol, and hydralazine as emergency antihypertension in severe preeclampsia: a randomized control trial","volume":"11","author":"S","year":"2023","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13741-024-00448-x","article-title":"Intraoperative magnesium sulfate is not associated with improved pain control after urologic procedures","volume":"13","author":"Salevitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Perioper. Med. (Lond)."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03271-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of 12-hour versus 24-hour magnesium sulfate in management of patients with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Shaheen","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13884","article-title":"Abstracts of the XXIII FIGO world Congress of Gynecology and obstetrics","volume":"155","author":"Shennan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005644","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate before preterm birth for neuroprotection: an updated cochrane systematic review","volume":"144","author":"Shepherd","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416956","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1416956","article-title":"Case report: Near-fatal hypermagnesemia resulting from the use of Epsom salts in a patient with normal renal function","volume":"11","author":"Si","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B67","volume-title":"Hypertension in Pregnancy guideline 2023","year":"2023"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.04.001","article-title":"Improving compliance with guidelines for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy through an electronic health record alert: a retrospective chart review","volume":"25","author":"Spencer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER263","article-title":"Table 3.3, commonly used MgSO4 regimens","volume-title":"Management of postpartum hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Comparative effectiveness review no 263","author":"Steele","year":"2023"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-023-02288-6","article-title":"Effects of intraoperative magnesium sulfate infusion on emergency agitation during general anesthesia in patients undergoing radical mastectomy: a randomized controlled study","volume":"23","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6338","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101765","article-title":"Magnesium decreases inflammatory cytokine production: a novel innate immunomodulatory mechanism","volume":"188","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B72","volume-title":"Consensus bundle on severe hypertension released; eclampsia and role of magnesium sulfate","year":"2023"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004379","article-title":"American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for monitoring and antagonism of neuromuscular blockade: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists task force on neuromuscular blockade","volume":"138","author":"Thilen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(87)80239-9","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid levels of magnesium in patients with preeclampsia after treatment with intravenous magnesium sulfate: a preliminary report","volume":"157","author":"Thurnau","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B75","volume-title":"FDA recommends against prolonged use of magnesium sulfate to stop pre-term labor due to bone changes in exposed babies","year":"2013"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2025.09.004","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of community health workers in primary health care: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Van Iseghem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.24920\/004294","article-title":"Effect of dexmedetomidine on intraoperative hemodynamics and blood loss in patients undergoing spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Med. Sci. J."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3109\/10641955.2013.784787","article-title":"The effects of magnesium sulfate on placental vascular endothelial growth factor expression in preeclampsia","volume":"32","author":"Weintraub","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2202","article-title":"From therapeutic drug monitoring to model-informed precision dosing for antibiotics","volume":"109","author":"Wicha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31817-z","article-title":"Inhibition of NMDA receptors through a membrane-to-channel path","volume":"13","author":"Wilcox","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B81","volume-title":"The network for improving quality of care for maternal, newborn and child health (Quality of care network)","year":""},{"key":"B82","volume-title":"Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate 500 mg\/mL solution for injection (Joint-Stock Company \u201cHalychpharm\u201d), RH086 \u2014 WHOPAR Part 4: summary of product characteristics","year":"2020"},{"key":"B83","volume-title":"Pre-eclampsia","year":"2025"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2022.11.004","article-title":"The protective effect of magnesium sulfate on placental inflammation via suppressing the NF-\u03baB pathway in a preeclampsia-like rat model","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"B85","first-page":"361","article-title":"Effects of magnesium sulfate on brain mitochondrial respiratory function in rats after experimental traumatic brain injury","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Traumatol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101246","article-title":"Impact of intraoperative intravenous magnesium on spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"43","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00561","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate prevents placental ischemia-induced increases in brain water content and cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in pregnant rats","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1749828\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T08:41:29Z","timestamp":1771576889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1749828\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1749828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1749828","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"article-number":"1749828"}}