{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:03:06Z","timestamp":1777636986815,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Warfarin remains the preferred anticoagulant in patients after heart valve replacement. However, its narrow therapeutic window, substantial interindividual variability, and dependence on frequent INR monitoring make effective management challenging. The quality of anticoagulation in real-world practice is often suboptimal, particularly in primary care settings with limited resources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed an artificial intelligence-based warfarin management system (AI-WAR) integrating remote follow-up, systematic data management, and individualized dosing prediction models. A randomized controlled trial (n = 624) and a prospective registry study (n = 176) were used for model training, while an independent real-world cohort (n = 200) served for external validation. We compared anticoagulation quality and clinical outcomes between conventional management and AI-WAR, and evaluated prediction performance of long short-term memory (LSTM) and bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM) models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with conventional management, AI-WAR significantly improved median TTR (48.7% vs. 81.3%, P &amp;lt; 0.001), increased time in target INR (36.3% vs. 61.9%, P &amp;lt; 0.001), and reduced both elevated INR percentage (12.0% vs. 16.8%) and overall adverse event rate (9.6% vs. 19.7%, P &amp;lt; 0.001). The Bi-LSTM model exhibited superior dose prediction accuracy (80.3% vs. 66.6%) and achieved 93.2% accuracy for stable dose prediction, while significantly reducing overdose predictions (11.9%, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Subgroup analyses demonstrated robust performance across different genotypes and in scenarios with missing genetic information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The integration of AI-WAR software and Bi-LSTM prediction models provides an effective and safe decision-support tool for warfarin individualized dosing. This system not only improves anticoagulation quality and reduces adverse events but also shows practical advantages in remote management and primary healthcare settings, supporting broader implementation of precision anticoagulation therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1750503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:59:31Z","timestamp":1777442371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI-WAR: a novel warfarin management software with a bidirectional LSTM dosing model improves time in therapeutic range"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University","place":["Changsha, China"]},{"name":"Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2128","article-title":"Developing and validating a clinical warfarin dose-initiation model for black-african patients in South Africa and Uganda","volume":"109","author":"Asiimwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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