{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:59:33Z","timestamp":1793087973493,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      species are major opportunistic pathogens, with\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      being the most frequent cause of candidiasis. However, increasing rates of non-\n                      <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections and antifungal resistance bring an urgent need for new therapeutics. Essential oils (EOs) have gained attention due to their potential to inhibit fungal growth and virulence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The chemical composition of cinnamon, thyme and clove EOs was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antifungal activity was evaluated against eighteen\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains representing nine species, including multidrug-resistant isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined. The two most active EOs were further assessed for their effects on germ tube formation and protease production, two key virulence traits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      GC-MS identified cinnamaldehyde, thymol and eugenol as the dominant components of cinnamon, thyme and clove EOs, respectively (&amp;gt; 70% relative abundance). All EOs displayed antifungal activity, with cinnamon and thyme being the most potent. Both oils showed increased activity against multidrug-resistant strains of\n                      <jats:italic>Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Nakaseomyces glabratus<\/jats:italic>\n                      compared with their susceptible parentals, suggesting they may target resistance trade-offs. All five clades of\n                      <jats:italic>Candidozyma auris<\/jats:italic>\n                      displayed low MICs for cinnamon EO (0.002-0.008% v\/v), indicating high susceptibility. Cinnamon EO reduced germ tube formation in\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      from 97% to 12% at MIC\/2, while thyme EO completely inhibited germ tube formation and induced pseudohyphae. Protease production was totally suppressed in\n                      <jats:italic>C. auris<\/jats:italic>\n                      clades II and III at MIC\/2 thyme EO.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results highlight the strong dual activity of EOs, supporting further exploration of their potential as complementary therapeutic options against\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1756267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T06:32:46Z","timestamp":1772433166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antifungal and anti-virulence activities of cinnamon, thyme, and clove essential oils against Candida species"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Islam","family":"Ahaik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology Team, Research Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University","place":["Tetouan, Morocco"]},{"name":"Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Nunez-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f2nia","family":"Abell\u00f3-Cros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Technical Service, Rovira i Virgili University (URV)","place":["Tarragona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Yanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Institut d'Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Rovira i Virgili University (URV)","place":["Tarragona, Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Bouhdid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology Team, Research Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University","place":["Tetouan, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni","family":"Gabald\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10060373","article-title":"Assessing diagnosis of Candida infections: a study on species prevalence and antifungal resistance in northern Morocco","volume":"10","author":"Ahaik","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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