{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T07:10:17Z","timestamp":1773645017473,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      is the leading bacterial cause of otitis externa and demonstrates increasing resistance to commonly used topical antibiotics. The growing burden of antimicrobial resistance has prompted exploration of plant-derived antibacterial agents.\n                      <jats:italic>Euphorbia neriifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been traditionally used for ear-related conditions; however, its activity against\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      from otitis externa remains insufficiently investigated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To evaluate the\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibacterial activity of fresh\n                      <jats:italic>E. neriifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      leaf juice against\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATCC 27853 and clinical isolates from otitis externa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      experimental study was conducted using broth microdilution and disk diffusion assays. Fresh leaf juice was prepared and tested at concentrations ranging from 10% to 100%. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. Disk diffusion was performed at selected concentrations. Phytochemical constituents were analyzed using LC\u2013MS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LC\u2013MS identified multiple bioactive compounds, including quercetin, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, gallic acid, and 7-hydroxycoumarin. MIC and MBC values for ATCC 27853 and clinical isolate 1 were 50% and 60%, respectively, while clinical isolate 2 demonstrated MIC at 60% and MBC at 70%. Disk diffusion showed dose-dependent inhibition, with inhibition zones exceeding 20\u00a0mm at 60% for ATCC 27853 and isolate 1, and at 70% for isolate 2. Ofloxacin produced larger inhibition zones than the extract across all strains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>E. neriifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      leaf juice exhibits significant\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibacterial activity against\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , including clinical isolates from otitis externa. Although less potent than ofloxacin, its bioactive profile supports further investigation as a potential adjunctive topical therapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1760885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T06:37:48Z","timestamp":1773643068000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Euphorbia neriifolia L. leaf juice on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from otitis externa: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Devira","family":"Zahara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara","place":["Medan, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ichwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara","place":["Medan, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yohana","family":"Simanjuntak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara","place":["Medan, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0244","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mode of action of gallic acid","volume":"19","author":"Borges","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.04.005","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa: all roads lead to resistance","volume":"19","author":"Breidenstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","year":"2023"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections","volume":"284","author":"Costerton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.02.018","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding the antibacterial properties of flavonoids","volume":"38","author":"Cushnie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2415","article-title":"The biofilm matrix","volume":"8","author":"Flemming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215118000214","article-title":"Microbiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of otitis externa: a changing pattern","volume":"132","author":"Heward","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"141","article-title":"Acute otitis externa: rapid evidence review","volume":"107","author":"Jackson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665759","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.665759","article-title":"The building blocks of antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"11","author":"Langendonk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2010.09.011","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of chlorogenic acid","volume":"22","author":"Lou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031189","article-title":"Clinical distribution and drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Guangzhou, China (2017\u20132021)","volume":"12","author":"Lyu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2017.05.003","article-title":"Euphorbia neriifolia: review on botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities","volume":"10","author":"Mali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00039","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa lifestyle: a paradigm for adaptation, survival, and persistence","volume":"7","author":"Moradali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2174\/157489112799829684","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol: current progress and future prospectives","volume":"7","author":"Nostro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Antiinfect Drug Discov."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2006.09.019","article-title":"A review of anti-infective and anti-inflammatory chalcones","volume":"42","author":"Nowakowska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01110","article-title":"Flavonoids suppress quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"7","author":"Paczkowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4374","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27144374","article-title":"Ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, toxicology and pharmacological properties of Euphorbia neriifolia","volume":"27","author":"Sultana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2013.07.031","article-title":"Coumarin derivatives as antibacterial agents","volume":"21","author":"Venugopala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorg Med. Chem."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2010.04677.x","article-title":"Suppression of bacterial cell\u2013cell signalling, biofilm formation and type III secretion system by citrus flavonoids","volume":"109","author":"Vikram","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2019.0224","article-title":"Otitis externa: investigation and evidence-based treatment","volume":"116","author":"Wiegand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl Int."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1760885\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T06:37:49Z","timestamp":1773643069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1760885\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1760885"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1760885","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"article-number":"1760885"}}