{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T21:46:13Z","timestamp":1789681573105,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Drug-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Mtb) has become a global public health crisis, and its diverse drug resistance jointly reduces the effectiveness of antibacterial drugs. Mtb resistance is not merely genetic but involves a synergistic interplay of cell wall remodeling, metabolic reprogramming, and epigenetic regulation, all of which are closely linked to its capacity for immune evasion. These mechanisms lead to the failure of traditional treatments, exacerbating the prolongation of treatment duration, the increase in mortality rate and the spread of drug-resistant bacteria. Vaccine research has gradually become a key strategy for preventing and controlling the spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis. This review synthesizes these multifaceted resistance pathways and parallels them with the challenges in vaccine development, highlighting the limited efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin and the promise of next-generation candidates. It further explores the landscape of novel therapeutic strategies, including new drugs like bedaquiline and host-directed therapies. In the future, efforts should be focused on the development of multivalent vaccines, the integration of chemoimmunotherapy, and the sharing of global monitoring data to contribute to the ultimate goal of eliminating tuberculosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1762214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T07:49:29Z","timestamp":1770623369000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Drug resistance mechanisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and challenges in vaccine development"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shuying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang No. 2 People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang No. 2 People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medical Center, Weifang No. 2 People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2021.01.012","article-title":"Synthesis and recycling of the mycobacterial cell envelope","volume":"60","author":"Abrahams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.2174\/1573409916666200625142447","article-title":"Anti-tubercular modelling c QSAR approach, in silico design and virtual docking screening of designed hypothetical inhibitors against DNA gyrase protein","volume":"17","author":"Adeniji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Computer-Aided Drug Des."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-04265-0","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis senses host Interferon-\u03b3 via the membrane protein MmpL10","volume":"5","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0108821","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01088-21","article-title":"Bioenergetic heterogeneity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis residing in different subcellular niches","volume":"12","author":"Akela","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622487","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.622487","article-title":"The M. tuberculosis Rv1523 methyltransferase promotes drug resistance through methylation-mediated cell wall remodeling and modulates macrophages immune responses","volume":"11","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7014","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34222-8","article-title":"An integrated computational approach towards novel drugs discovery against polyketide synthase 13 thioesterase domain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Altharawi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.2174\/0113894501306302240526160804","article-title":"Polypharmacology-driven discovery and design of highly selective, dual and multitargeting inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis - a review","volume":"25","author":"Amandy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e722","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00305-6","article-title":"The participation of people deprived of liberty in tuberculosis vaccine trials: should they be protected from research, or through research?","volume":"25","author":"Andrews","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofad087","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad087","article-title":"Tuberculosis diagnosis and preventive monotherapy among children and adolescents exposed to rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in the household","volume":"10","author":"Apolisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104350","article-title":"Methylation in Mycobacterium-host interaction and implications for novel control measures","volume":"83","author":"Asaad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol. J. Mol. Epidemiol. Evol. Genet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-022-08826-9","article-title":"Genomic characteristics of two Most widely used BCG vaccine strains: danish 1331 and Pasteur 1173P2","volume":"23","author":"Asadian","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00139","article-title":"Challenges of immune response diversity in the human population concerning new tuberculosis diagnostics, therapies, and vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Azad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2025.05.007","article-title":"Distal airway epithelial progenitors mediate TGF-\u03b2 release to drive lung CD8+ TRM induction following mucosal BCG vaccination","volume":"18","author":"Blake","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839111","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.839111","article-title":"BCG Moreau Polish substrain infections in patients with inborn errors of immunity: 40 years of experience in the department of immunology, children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw","volume":"10","author":"Bernatowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55415","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.55415","article-title":"Host sirtuin 2 as an immunotherapeutic target against tuberculosis","volume":"9","author":"Bhaskar","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207323666200219120903","article-title":"In silico drug target Discovery through proteome mining from M. tuberculosis: an Insight into antivirulent therapy","volume":"23","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comb. Chem. and High Throughput Screen."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.09.028","article-title":"Characterizing the gene mutations associated with resistance to gatifloxacin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis through whole-genome sequencing","volume":"112","author":"Bi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Journal Infectious Diseases IJID Official Publication Int. Soc. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.07.003","article-title":"Rifampicin drug resistance and host immunity in tuberculosis: more than meets the eye","volume":"44","author":"Bobba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0094623","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00946-23","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis carrying the rifampicin drug-resistance-conferring rpoB mutation H445Y is associated with suppressed immunity through type I interferons","volume":"14","author":"Bobba","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.03.023","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children: are the same therapy options available worldwide International journal of infectious diseases: IJID: official publication of the international Society for Infectious Diseases","volume":"130","author":"Buonsenso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008911","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008911","article-title":"Host immunity increases Mycobacterium tuberculosis reliance on cytochrome bd oxidase","volume":"17","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03636-x","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and immune response to tuberculosis","volume":"39","author":"Carabal\u00ed-Isajar","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. and Biotechnol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-022-10436-2","article-title":"Computational design of MmpL3 inhibitors for tuberculosis therapy","volume":"27","author":"Chaitra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Divers."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4892","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.4892","article-title":"PBITV3: a robust and comprehensive tool for screening pathogenic proteomes for drug targets and prioritizing vaccine candidates","volume":"33","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Protein Sci. A Publ. Protein Soc."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047306","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1047306","article-title":"Evaluation of the consistence between the results of immunoinformatics predictions and real-world animal experiments of a new tuberculosis vaccine MP3RT","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901814","article-title":"Treatment of highly drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"382","author":"Conradie","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.150927","article-title":"Structure-function relationship of PE11 esterase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with respect to its role in virulence","volume":"739","author":"Dahiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophysical Res. Commun."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3548","article-title":"Genomic and functional analyses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains implicate ald in D-cycloserine resistance","volume":"48","author":"Desjardins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01028-7","article-title":"Revisiting the role of mesenchymal stem cells in tuberculosis and other infectious diseases","volume":"20","author":"Devi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. and Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.12.623260","article-title":"Proteomic characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis subjected to carbon starvation","author":"Devlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv Prepr. Serv. Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12111372","article-title":"Pediatric drug-resistant tuberculosis: the Current and future prospects for management and prevention","volume":"12","author":"Dharmapalan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathog. Basel, Switz."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100187","article-title":"Pulmonary MTBVAC vaccination induces immune signatures previously correlated with prevention of tuberculosis infection. Cell reports","volume":"2","author":"Dijkman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01216-8","article-title":"A novel nanoparticle vaccine displaying multistage tuberculosis antigens confers protection in mice infected with H37Rv","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-024-02463-y","article-title":"Targeted sputum sequencing for rapid and broad drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"53","author":"Dou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2200077","article-title":"IL-10 modulation increases pyrazinamide\u2019s antimycobacterial efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice","volume":"7","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ImmunoHorizons"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11779322241257039","DOI":"10.1177\/11779322241257039","article-title":"Targeting decaprenylphosphoryl-\u03b2-D-ribose 2\u2019-epimerase for innovative drug development against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis drug-resistant strains","volume":"18","author":"El","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioinforma. Biol. Insights"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0049924","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00499-24","article-title":"Interred mechanisms of resistance and host immune evasion revealed through network-connectivity analysis of M. tuberculosis complex graph pangenome","volume":"10","author":"Espinoza","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115455","article-title":"Host-directed immunotherapy to enhance treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"165","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01025-1","article-title":"Drug-resistant tuberculosis: a persistent global health concern","volume":"22","author":"Farhat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13050","article-title":"Benefits of BCG-induced metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis in autoimmune and nervous system diseases","volume":"288","author":"Faustman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2993","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605997113","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibition enhances antimicrobial peptide but not inflammatory cytokine expression upon bacterial challenge","volume":"113","author":"Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-022-10406-0","article-title":"An immunoinformatic strategy to develop new Mycobacterium tuberculosis multi-epitope vaccine","volume":"28","author":"Ghandadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Peptide Res. Ther."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"000724","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000724","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing reveals large deletions and other loss of function mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance genes","volume":"7","author":"Gomes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Genomics"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733853","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.733853","article-title":"Targeting molecular inflammatory pathways in Granuloma as host-directed therapies for tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Guler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01077-1","article-title":"Novel fusion protein REA induces robust prime protection against tuberculosis in mice","volume":"10","author":"Gurmessa","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2023.2224553","article-title":"Novel targets and inhibitors of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome bd oxidase to foster anti-tuberculosis drug discovery","volume":"18","author":"Harikishore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf277","article-title":"Sex differences in vaccine-induced immunity and protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"232","author":"Harikumar Parvathy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s10867-025-09685-7","article-title":"Optimizing combination therapy against drug resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a modelling study","volume":"51","author":"Helikumi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26193","article-title":"Tuberculosis vaccine developments and efficient delivery systems: a comprehensive appraisal","volume":"10","author":"Hoseinpour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0314422","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314422","article-title":"Benzothiazinone analogs as Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis DprE1 irreversible inhibitors: covalent docking, validation, and molecular dynamics simulations","volume":"19","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51955","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.51955","article-title":"The role of proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE) proteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications","volume":"16","author":"Ilesanmi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2024.09.020","article-title":"Pelvic-peritoneal pseudotumoral tuberculosis with elevated CA 125 mimicking ovarian cancer: a case report","volume":"20","author":"Jellal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiol. Case Rep."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2024.152834","article-title":"Chimeric antigen carried by extracellular vesicles induces stronger protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"229","author":"Ji","year":"","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001865","article-title":"A study of antigen selection by extracellular vesicles as vaccine candidates against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"73","author":"Ji","year":"","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00497-3","article-title":"Optimising vaccine immunogenicity in ageing populations: key strategies","volume":"25","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46218-7","article-title":"Homo-BacPROTAC-induced degradation of ClpC1 as a strategy against drug-resistant mycobacteria","volume":"15","author":"Junk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4103\/lungindia.lungindia_72_23","article-title":"Effect of delamanid on interim outcomes of bacteriological conversion amongst pediatric drug resistant tuberculosis cases in India","volume":"41","author":"Kalawadia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.106984","article-title":"Diagnostic markers reflecting dysregulation of the host response in the transition to tuberculosis disease","author":"K\u00e4llenius","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Journal Infectious Diseases IJID Official Publication Int. Soc. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.03.611055","article-title":"Therapeutic DNA vaccine targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis persisters shortens curative tuberculosis treatment","author":"Karanika","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv Prepr. Serv. Biol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD013359","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013359.pub3","article-title":"Xpert MTB\/RIF Ultra assay for tuberculosis disease and rifampicin resistance in children","volume":"9","author":"Kay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"09","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02095-20","article-title":"Deletion of pknG abates reactivation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice","volume":"65","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2020.101693","article-title":"Computational formulation and immune dynamics of a multi-peptide vaccine candidate against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus","volume":"55","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.5808\/gi.23021","article-title":"Multi-epitope vaccine against drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a proteome-wide subtraction and immunoinformatics approach","volume":"21","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genomics and Inf."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2021.02.014","article-title":"Drug resistance pattern and mutation pattern in pediatric tuberculosis: study from North India","volume":"68","author":"Khurana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Tuberc."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12951","article-title":"Host-directed therapy to combat mycobacterial infections","volume":"301","author":"Kilin\u00e7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2021.128267","article-title":"Novel pyridinium-type fullerene derivatives as multitargeting inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, HIV-1 protease, and HCV NS5B polymerase","volume":"49","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioorg Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2025.128292","article-title":"Advancing roles of nitric oxide in tuberculosis: promising targets for novel anti-TB therapeutics","volume":"300","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010021","article-title":"Toward Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence inhibition: beyond cell Wall","volume":"13","author":"Kotliarova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2022.06.013","article-title":"Spoligotype-based population structure and isoniazid-resistance gene mutation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Thailand","volume":"30","author":"Krittanan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0016823","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00168-23","article-title":"Intravenous BCG vaccination of diversity outbred mice results in moderately enhanced protection against challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis compared to intradermal vaccination","volume":"91","author":"Kurtz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00750-7","article-title":"Key advances in vaccine development for tuberculosis-success and challenges","volume":"8","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1939-0000","article-title":"Management of drug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"148","author":"Lange","year":"1946","journal-title":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00403-5","article-title":"100 years of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin","volume":"22","author":"Lange","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01503-x","article-title":"Intravenous Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccination protects simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques from tuberculosis","volume":"8","author":"Larson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12952","article-title":"Not too fat to fight: the emerging role of macrophage fatty acid metabolism in immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"301","author":"Laval","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.05.001","article-title":"Efflux pumps in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their inhibition to tackle antimicrobial resistance","volume":"30","author":"Laws","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.RA120000747","article-title":"The protein kinase PknB negatively regulates biosynthesis and trafficking of mycolic acids in mycobacteria","volume":"61","author":"Le","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61703-3","article-title":"Trehalose catalytic shift inherently enhances phenotypic heterogeneity and multidrug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70012","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70012","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein Rv2652c enhances intracellular survival by inhibiting host immune responses","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1573","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1573","article-title":"Resistance and tolerance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to antimicrobial agents-how M. tuberculosis can escape antibiotics","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"WIREs Mechanisms Disease"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2021.104276","article-title":"Proteome remodeling in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis PknG knockout: molecular evidence for the role of this kinase in cell envelope biogenesis and hypoxia response","volume":"244","author":"Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.12.012","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of pyrazinamide resistance among multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates in Hangzhou, China","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113932","article-title":"Exploring disordered loops in DprE1 provides a functional site to combat drug-resistance in Mycobacterium strains","volume":"227","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8429","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S517034","article-title":"Host immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: implications for vaccine development","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-021-03760-0","article-title":"Designing of a chimeric vaccine using EIS (Rv2416c) protein against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv: an immunoinformatics approach","volume":"194","author":"Logesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-025-01755-1","article-title":"Immunoinformatics analysis of the proteins MPT83 and MPT51 to design a possible chimeric vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","author":"Loureiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol. Publ. Braz. Soc. Microbiol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2278","article-title":"The pncA gene mutations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"69","author":"Mahmood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618414","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.618414","article-title":"The macrophage response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and opportunities for autophagy inducing nanomedicines for tuberculosis therapy","volume":"10","author":"Maphasa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1307","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00283-2","article-title":"Infant BCG vaccination and risk of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis throughout the life course: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Martinez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet. Glob. Health"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0284264","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284264","article-title":"In silico EsxG EsxH rational epitope selection: candidate epitopes for vaccine design against pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"18","author":"Martinez-Olivares","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010705","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010705","article-title":"Loss of RNase J leads to multi-drug tolerance and accumulation of highly structured mRNA fragments in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"18","author":"Martini","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7928","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097928","article-title":"Small RNA MTS1338 configures a stress resistance signature in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"24","author":"Martini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e791","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00255-7","article-title":"Developing tuberculosis vaccines for people with HIV: consensus statements from an international expert panel","volume":"9","author":"Miner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet. HIV"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-024-01311-w","article-title":"The exceptions that prove the rule-a historical view of bedaquiline susceptibility","volume":"16","author":"Miotto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.10.013","article-title":"Heterogeneous host-pathogen encounters coordinate antibiotic resilience in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"29","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.22034\/iji.2020.87480.1806","article-title":"DNA based vaccines against mycobacterium tuberculosis: recent progress in vaccine development and delivery System","volume":"17","author":"Mobed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. Journal Immunology IJI"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59291-1","article-title":"Enhancing tuberculosis vaccine development: a deconvolution neural network approach for multi-epitope prediction","volume":"14","author":"Mubarak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12121397","article-title":"Challenges of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis meningitis: current treatments and the role of glutathione as an adjunct therapy","volume":"12","author":"Nasiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2020.1825950","article-title":"The role of immunoinformatics in the development of T-cell peptide-based vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"19","author":"Ortega-Tirado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4146","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16369","article-title":"Secretory proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their roles in modulation of host immune responses: focus on therapeutic targets","volume":"289","author":"Pal","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS Journal"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab235","article-title":"Effective host-directed therapy for tuberculosis by depletion of myeloid-Derived suppressor cells and related cells using a diphtheria toxin fusion protein","volume":"224","author":"Parveen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383098","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1383098","article-title":"The role of ESAT-6 in tuberculosis immunopathology","volume":"15","author":"Passos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13010116","article-title":"Immunoinformatic-Based Multi-Epitope vaccine design for Co-Infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Personalized Med."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiae014","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85B modifies BCG-induced antituberculosis immunity and favors pathogen survival","volume":"115","author":"Piccaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37536","article-title":"In silico design of Mycobacterium tuberculosis multi-epitope adhesin protein vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Pillay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2011.04.010","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation by DNA methylation","volume":"37","author":"Poetsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180230","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2023.2180230","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein MoxR1 enhances virulence by inhibiting host cell death pathways and disrupting cellular bioenergetics","volume":"14","author":"Quadir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12222653","article-title":"Effects of everolimus in modulating the host immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"12","author":"Raien","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2024.102536","article-title":"Macrophage-targeted versus free calcitriol as host-directed adjunct therapy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice is bacteriostatic and mitigates tissue pathology","volume":"148","author":"Reddy","year":"2024"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10378-0","article-title":"Potential of nanopore sequencing for tuberculosis diagnosis and drug resistance detection","volume":"24","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040396","article-title":"Phase I trial evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of candidate TB vaccine MVA85A, delivered by aerosol to healthy M.tb-Infected adults","volume":"9","author":"Riste","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.004","article-title":"Identifying isoniazid resistance markers to guide inclusion of high-dose isoniazid in tuberculosis treatment regimens","volume":"26","author":"Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Official Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-020-03762-5","article-title":"Moving forward through the in silico modeling of tuberculosis: a further step with UISS-TB","volume":"21","author":"Russo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123637","article-title":"A review of the human microRNA and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis epigenetic effects on the emergence drug resistance","volume":"374","author":"Sukdeo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32244","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c02563","article-title":"Overcoming Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance: novel medications and repositioning strategies","volume":"8","author":"Sachan","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e240236","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760240236","article-title":"Challenges in developing new tuberculosis vaccines","volume":"120","author":"Sadigurschi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Memorias Do Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10930-021-10029-2","article-title":"16S rRNA methyltransferases as novel drug targets against tuberculosis","volume":"41","author":"Salaikumaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Protein J."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.11.19.567727","article-title":"Maintenance of cell wall remodeling and vesicle production are connected in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","author":"Salgueiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv Prepr. Serv. Biol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27895-8","article-title":"Cytokine upsurge among drug-resistant tuberculosis endorse the signatures of hyper inflammation and disease severity","volume":"13","author":"Sampath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32003","article-title":"Mycobacterial biofilms: a therapeutic target against bacterial persistence and generation of antibiotic resistance","volume":"10","author":"Sarangi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0050021","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00500-21","article-title":"Surface-Shaving proteomics of Mycobacterium marinum identifies Biofilm subtype-specific changes affecting virulence, tolerance, and persistence","volume":"6","author":"Savijoki","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30625-5","article-title":"The status of tuberculosis vaccine development","volume":"20","author":"Schrager","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2020.101431","article-title":"Key recent advances in TB vaccine development and understanding of protective immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"50","author":"Scriba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seminars Immunol."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.2021495","article-title":"The exploitation of host autophagy and ubiquitin machinery by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in shaping immune responses and host defense during infection","volume":"19","author":"Shariq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13836","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93266-w","article-title":"An immunoinformatics approach to design a multi-epitope vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploiting secreted exosome proteins","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40442","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.40442","article-title":"Characterization of genetic mutations in multi-drug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacilli conferring resistance to a second-line anti-tuberculosis drug","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0322147","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322147","article-title":"Efficacy and immunogenicity of rKVAC85B in a BCG prime-boost regimen against H37Rv and HN878 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains","volume":"20","author":"Shin","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.04.034","article-title":"Computational modeling and bioinformatic analyses of functional mutations in drug target genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2024.101408","article-title":"Inhaled aerosol viral-vectored vaccines against tuberculosis","volume":"66","author":"Stylianou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virology"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106195","article-title":"Epigenetic changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its host provide potential targets or biomarkers for drug discovery and clinical diagnosis","volume":"179","author":"Sui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.18502\/ijm.v16i4.16304","article-title":"Multi-drug resistant gene mutation analysis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by molecular techniques","volume":"16","author":"Sultana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3001755","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001755","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies of global Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to 13 antimicrobials in 10,228 genomes identify new resistance mechanisms","volume":"20","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_70_25","article-title":"PPE18 and PepA variations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from makassar, Indonesia: challenges for immune recognition and vaccine development","volume":"14","author":"Theorupun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mycobacteriology"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-021-03163-7","article-title":"Novel mutations detected from drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from north east of Thailand","volume":"37","author":"Thwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. and Biotechnol."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10669","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810669","article-title":"Fragment-Based drug discovery against mycobacteria: the success and challenges","volume":"23","author":"Togre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00026","article-title":"\u201cNon-culturable\u201d Mycobacterium tuberculosis preserves significantly diverse protein profile","volume":"10","author":"Trutneva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148624","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01486-24","article-title":"Standard E TB-Feron ELISA and Standard F TB-Feron FIA positivity rates and agreement with QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus among TB high-risk population in Bandung, Indonesia","volume":"63","author":"Turbawaty","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6255","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116255","article-title":"Host cell death and modulation of immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"25","author":"Vu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2024.109917","article-title":"Cryo-EM structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis polynucleotide phosphorylase suggest a potential mechanism for its RNA substrate degradation","volume":"754","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Archives Biochem. Biophysics"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmgm.2025.108954","article-title":"Computer-aided drug design approaches for the identification of potent inhibitors targeting elongation factor G of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"136","author":"Wani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Graph Model"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13197","article-title":"New tuberculosis vaccines: advances in clinical development and modelling","volume":"288","author":"Weerasuriya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-024-01864-x","article-title":"Recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by macrophage toll-like receptor and its role in autophagy","volume":"73","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res. Official J. Eur. Histamine Res. Soc."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26934-0","article-title":"A Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific subunit vaccine that provides synergistic immunity upon co-administration with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin","volume":"12","author":"Woodworth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0297477","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297477","article-title":"The profile of genome-wide DNA methylation, transcriptome, and proteome in streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551183","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1551183","article-title":"BAFF and APRIL immunotherapy following Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccination enhances protection against pulmonary tuberculosis in mice","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.06.012","article-title":"Clinical features of tuberculosis and Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) -associated adverse effects in children: a 12-year study","volume":"120","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc. = Taiwan Yi Zhi"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11917","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c00513","article-title":"Small molecule targeting PPM1A activates autophagy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis host-directed therapy","volume":"67","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300060521997596","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060521997596","article-title":"rpoB gene mutations in rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from rural areas of Zhejiang, China","volume":"49","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0188422","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01884-22","article-title":"Quantification of isoniazid-heteroresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis using droplet digital PCR","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607770","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1607770","article-title":"Transcriptomic and proteomic signatures of host NK cells delineate distinct immune states across tuberculosis infection statuses","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14120867","article-title":"The antibiotic-resistant protein MfpA modulates host cell apoptosis and promotes mycobacterial survival by targeting Mitochondria and regulating the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0155721","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01557-21","article-title":"CD84 is a suppressor of T and B cell activation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0309560","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309560","article-title":"Novel dual-pathogen multi-epitope mRNA vaccine development for Brucella melitensis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in silico approach","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1762214\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T07:49:31Z","timestamp":1770623371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1762214\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":153,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1762214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1762214","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"article-number":"1762214"}}