{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T14:51:40Z","timestamp":1773413500264,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007959","name":"Chulabhorn Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007959","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Andrographis paniculata<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been used in the management of COVID-19-related conditions during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, human pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK\/PD) evidence to support a rationale for safe and evidence-based dosing of standardized extracts in clinical use remains limited. This exploratory study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics, preliminary PK\/PD relationship, and short-term safety profile of standardized\n                      <jats:italic>A. paniculata<\/jats:italic>\n                      aqueous extract capsules in patients with mild COVID-19.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A single-center PK\/PD clinical trial with two sequential phases (single-dose followed by multiple-dose) was conducted. Patients with mild COVID-19 received standardized\n                      <jats:italic>A. paniculata<\/jats:italic>\n                      aqueous extract capsules equivalent to 30\u00a0mg of andrographolide every 8\u00a0h (90\u00a0mg\/day) for 5 consecutive days, alongside standard symptomatic treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rapid absorption and elimination with limited systemic exposure supported repeated dosing to maintain exposure over the 5-day period. PK\/PD analysis demonstrated a sigmoidal, saturable exposure-response relationship. The mean area under the concentration\u2013time curve (AUC\n                      <jats:sub>0-4\u00a0h<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) on day 5 approached the estimated EAUC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      (half-maximal effective exposure) derived from the Emax model. A \u22122.96 log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      reduction in viral load was observed; however, without a placebo control group, it is not possible to conclusively attribute this reduction to the investigational\n                      <jats:italic>A. paniculata<\/jats:italic>\n                      aqueous extract capsules. Adverse events were mild, with no hepatotoxicity or renal toxicity observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings provide preliminary evidence regarding the pharmacokinetics, dose-exposure characteristics, and short-term tolerability of standardized\n                      <jats:italic>A. paniculata<\/jats:italic>\n                      aqueous extract capsules, supporting further investigation in patients with mild COVID-19. Larger, placebo-controlled trials are warranted to establish causality and to evaluate clinical benefits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1781740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T10:40:21Z","timestamp":1773398421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploratory pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic characterization and safety of standardized Andrographis paniculata aqueous extract capsules in patients with mild COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Phanit","family":"Songvut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paruspak","family":"Payoong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pilailuk Akkapaiboon","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health","place":["Nonthaburi, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noppawan","family":"Rittapai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumitra","family":"Suntararuks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaratluck","family":"Akanimanee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuchanart","family":"Rangkadilok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duangchit","family":"Panomvana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Porranee","family":"Puranajoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jutamaad","family":"Satayavivad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.26502\/aimr.0146","article-title":"Effect of Andrographis paniculata treatment for nonimmune patients with early-stage COVID-19 on the prevention of pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Benjaponpitak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. 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