{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T06:27:54Z","timestamp":1786429674261,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n There is an evident need for novel ophthalmic therapeutics that operate outside the conventional antibiotic and chemically synthetized antiseptic paradigms. Medicinal plants represent a chemically rich and cost-effective source of bioactive compounds, though their use requires careful toxicological assessment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n In this study, extracts from four Papaveraceae species -\n Chelidonium majus<\/jats:italic>\n (roots),\n Corydalis cheilanthifolia<\/jats:italic>\n (aerial parts and roots),\n Glaucium flavum<\/jats:italic>\n (aerial parts and roots), and\n Fumaria officinalis<\/jats:italic>\n (herb) - were investigated across three experimental levels:\n in silico<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n , using the\n Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n larval model.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Chemical profiling identified several isoquinoline alkaloids, including berberine, coptisine, protopine, chelidonine, allocryptopine, glaucine, and tetrahydropalmatine.\n In silico<\/jats:italic>\n assessment suggested low systemic toxicity but possible blood-brain barrier permeability for some compounds.\n In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n antimicrobial testing against\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n ATCC 6538 and\n Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n ATCC 15442, performed using broth microdilution and bacterial-cellulose-based diffusion assays, demonstrated moderate but reproducible activity of extracts, particularly in\n Ch. majus<\/jats:italic>\n roots (MIC equal 1.56 mg\/mL for\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n and 6.25 mg\/mL for\n P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n ) and in\n C. cheilanthifolia<\/jats:italic>\n , where depending on the type of extract (herb_2, herb_1, root), range of MIC was 0,78\u20131.56 mg\/mL for\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n and 3,12\u20136,25 mg\/mL for\n P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n . Cytotoxicity testing on fibroblast cell lines showed no significant toxicity in applied concentrations.\n In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n testing showed that all extracts, except\n C. cheilanthifolia<\/jats:italic>\n (herb_1) and\n Ch. majus<\/jats:italic>\n (root) were virtually non-lethal to\n G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n larvae, indicating a favorable safety profile in 0.05 mg\/mL to 0.002 mg\/mL concentrations. To evaluate their suitability for ocular application, wettability tests were performed using commercial tear substitute formulations. The incorporation of the\n C. cheilanthifolia<\/jats:italic>\n herb_2 extract at bactericidal concentrations did not alter these physicochemical properties.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n Overall, the\n Papaveraceae<\/jats:italic>\n extracts demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity in applied concentrations, supporting their potential use as adjuvant components in eye drop formulations - enhancing therapeutic efficacy, reducing required antiseptic dosage, and potentially lowering the risk of resistance development.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1786083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:35:41Z","timestamp":1786426541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potential of isoquinoline-alkaloid-rich Papaveraceae extracts against bacteria causing ocular infections \u2013 In vitro and In vivo study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Dzi\u0119gielewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dziegielewska Eye Institute","place":["Warsaw, Poland"]},{"name":"\u201cP.U.M.A.\u201d Platform for Unique Model Application, Department of Translative Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University","place":["Wroclaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Zieli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University","place":["Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taimoor","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","place":["Hangzhou, 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