{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:31:17Z","timestamp":1787923877960,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bacterial Biofilms are of great concern because they are the main drivers of antimicrobial resistance. We investigated the potential of catechins against bacterial biofilms using advanced computational and\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The HPLC profiling of\n                      <jats:italic>Camellia sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      extract confirmed the presence of catechins. The ADMET and drug-likeness studies were specified to comply with the optimal values.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Molecular docking on 2UV0 indicated a moderate interaction with targets, which was further confirmed by DFT analysis (Homo-Lumo). Root mean square fluctuations and normal mode analysis (NMA) further supported the chemical reactivity and possible protein\u2013ligand stabilization profile of epicatechin gallate. Antimicrobial assay showed the highest inhibition by epigallocatechin against\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (minimum inhibitory concentration 15.6 \u03bcg\/mL), followed by\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MIC 31.2 \u03bcg\/ mL),\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MIC 62.5 \u03bcg\/mL). During\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      assays, epicatechin gallate showed significant inhibition of bacterial growth (for up to 20 h) and biofilm formation (61.5% \u00b1 2.3%), while the other compounds showed slight or negligible inhibition. The ability of catechins to reduce oxidative stress and its main components in\n                      <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It was thus concluded that catechin possesses significant antibacterial and antibiofilm potential that be phenotypic response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1789327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:52:27Z","timestamp":1787921547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Catechins as antibiofilm agents: molecular insights for virtual screening and in vitro biological evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Adnan","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University","place":["Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy","place":["Dera IsmailKhan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy","place":["Dera IsmailKhan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haider","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy","place":["Dera IsmailKhan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wajid","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University","place":["Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadia","family":"Chaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UVAS","place":["Lahore, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, FVAS, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan","place":["Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Kashif","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology","place":["Islamabad (NUST), Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niamat","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy","place":["Dera IsmailKhan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Imran","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy","place":["Dera IsmailKhan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42239","article-title":"Density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulation-based bioprospection of Agathosma betulina essential oil metabolites against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B for interventive antidiabetic therapy","volume":"11","author":"Adedirin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-09618-0","article-title":"Natural quorum sensing inhibitors effectively downregulate gene expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors","volume":"103","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. 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