{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T06:17:42Z","timestamp":1778221062113,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) effectively lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and reduce the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the anti-inflammatory effects and impact on early cardiac remodeling of PCSK9i remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of PCSK9i on early inflammatory factors [interleukin (IL)- 1\u03b2, IL-18, IL-17A, and C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2)] and left ventricular (LV) function in STEMI patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Totally 257 STEMI participants were divided into 2 groups based on their real-world prescriptions: those treated with statin only (statin group) and those treated with statin in addition to the evolocumab (evolocumab group). All patients were observed for 12 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At 4 weeks, the evolocumab group exhibited a greater reduction in IL-1\u03b2 compared to statin alone (\u221229.35% vs \u221225.27%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.012). Similarly, IL-17A decreased more significantly with evolocumab than with statin therapy (\u221230.22% vs \u221225.35%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.023). By 12 weeks, evolocumab significantly improved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) especially in the patients with LVEF&amp;lt;50% at baseline (11.36% vs 7.40%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.014) and increased the incidence of LV global function improvement (\u0394EF\u2265 5%: 78.2% vs 55.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) compared to statin alone. Multivariate analysis identified the use of evolocumab, reductions in IL-1\u03b2 and IL-17A at 4 weeks as independent predictors of \u0394EF\u2265 5% at 12 weeks. Mediation analysis showed that 8.74% and 9.60% of LV functional improvement were attributable to reductions in IL-1\u03b2 and IL-17A respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings support evolocumab\u2019s role beyond lipid-lowering, suggesting that early PCSK9i as a potential strategy to mitigate early inflammation-driven cardiac dysfunction in STEMI management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1800539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:55:30Z","timestamp":1778219730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evolocumab early reduces IL-1\u03b2\/IL-17A and improves left ventricular function in STEMI: an observational study in the real world"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Menglong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingxian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital","place":["Yantai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anran","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Institute, Tianjin Chest Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]},{"name":"Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin University","place":["Tianjin, China"]},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Emergency and Critical Care","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27923","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027923","article-title":"Alterations in the interleukin-1\/interleukin-1 receptor antagonist balance modulate cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction in the mouse","volume":"6","author":"Abbate","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2008.28.2.20","article-title":"Recognizing and managing asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction","volume":"28","author":"Albert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. 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