{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T06:12:47Z","timestamp":1779257567337,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PL-2025H030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PL-2025H030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003851","name":"Department of Education, Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-KYYWF-1364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-KYYWF-1364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During orthodontic treatment, fixed orthodontic appliances complicate optimal oral hygiene maintenance, frequently causing white spot lesions (WSLs). Clinically, WSLs are typical chalky-white opacities on the enamel surface, recognized as the early reversible stage of dental caries. In this study, a novel antibacterial and remineralizing material\u2014CEN composites (Chitosan-Ca\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      (PO\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      )\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , CS-CaP) microgels loaded with EGCG nanoparticles (NPs)\u2014was designed to treat enamel white spot lesions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Material characterization experiments were conducted on EGCG-NPs, chitosan-calcium phosphate microgels and CEN composites; the dialysis bag diffusion method was used to determine the composite drug release rate. Enamel blocks were prepared, an acid-etched demineralization model was established, and\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      remineralization experiments were performed to screen the optimal CEN composite concentration for enamel remineralization and confirm the synergistic effect of EGCG-NPs on remineralization. The CCK-8 method was employed to assess the cytotoxicity of the CEN complex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Material characterization experiments confirmed the successful synthesis of CEN composites. Drug release tests showed EGCG-NPs release rate reached 50% at 10\u00a0h and 80% at 70\u00a0h.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      remineralization experiments confirmed that the CEN-5 group was the optimal concentration for remineralization.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      experiments of the CEN-5 group demonstrated that EGCG-NPs significantly enhanced the gel\u2019s remineralization efficacy. The CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the CEN composite possessed no cytotoxic effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1805278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:48:21Z","timestamp":1779256101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A study on the treatment of enamel white spot lesions using chitosan-calcium phosphate microgels loaded with EGCG-NPs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yujia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatology College of Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinrui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatology College of Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatology College of Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatology College of Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenyang","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Affliated Stomatological Hospital of Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donghong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Affliated Stomatological Hospital of Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65679","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.65679","article-title":"White spot lesions in fixed orthodontics: a literature review on etiology, prevention, and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Al-Blaihed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"cjad070","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjad070","article-title":"White spot lesions after fixed appliance treatment\u2014Can we expect spontaneous long-term (\u226515 years) improvement?","volume":"46","author":"Bock","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. 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