{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T05:09:44Z","timestamp":1779426584027,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000921","name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Various systemic and enteric diseases have been attributed to\n C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n , including healthcare-associated infections and intoxications. Humans and animals are thus exposed to serious health risks from these bacteria. Infections caused by these antibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming an increasing concern. Bacteriophages (phages), which possess specific lytic activity, offer a viable alternative for the treatment of\n Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n In this study, a novel lytic\n C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n phage designed as CpP_VarHS was isolated from wastewater and targeted the host\n C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n type A ATCC 13124. The phage was then characterized using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), molecular sequencing, and bioinformatics tools.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that CpP_VarHS possesses a short, non-contractile tail (31.55 \u00b1 2.5\u00a0nm in length) and a regular icosahedral head (44.23 \u00b1 2.1\u00a0nm in diameter), characteristic of the podovirus morphotype. Whole-genome analysis showed that the CpP_VarHS genome is 17,814 bp long, linear double-stranded DNA with a GC content of 28.30%. Among the 21 identified open reading frames, 12 were functional genes (GenBank accession number PP973485). Whole-genome sequence comparison showed 94.37% and 94.31% nucleotide identity with\n Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n phage vB_CpeP_HN02 and\n Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n phage CPS1. No tRNA, bacterial virulence gene, lysogenic gene, or antibiotic resistance gene was identified in the genome of CpP_VarHS. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that phage CpP_VarHS represents a novel species within the genus\n Gregsiragusavirus<\/jats:italic>\n of the family\n Guelinviridae<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of a\n C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n phage in T\u00fcrkiye. In conclusion, these findings suggested that phage CpP_VarHS has promising potential for preventing and controlling\n C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1807000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T04:51:35Z","timestamp":1779425495000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Morphological and complete genome analysis of a novel Clostridium perfringens phage CpP_VarHS, isolated from wastewater"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hamza","family":"Saghrouchni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, \u00c7ukurova University","place":["Adana, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Semra","family":"Tasdurmazli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Yildiz Technical University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim Halil","family":"Kilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep University","place":["Gaziantep, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isil","family":"Var","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, \u00c7ukurova University","place":["Adana, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9173-0_1","article-title":"tRNAscan-SE: searching for tRNA genes in genomic sequences","volume":"1962","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04679-6","article-title":"The gut microbiota of chickens in a commercial farm treated with a salmonella phage cocktail","volume":"12","author":"Clavijo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp1137","article-title":"The sanger FASTQ file format for sequences with quality scores, and the solexa\/Illumina FASTQ variants","volume":"38","author":"Cock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2015_5005","article-title":"Lysin therapy for Staphylococcus aureus and other bacterial pathogens","volume":"409","author":"Fischetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9070414","article-title":"Bacteriophages and the one health approach to combat multidrug resistance: is this the way?","volume":"9","author":"Garvey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1316","article-title":"Epidemiology of foodborne disease outbreaks caused by Clostridium perfringens, United States, 1998-2010","volume":"10","author":"Grass","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathogens Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v10050251","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens virulent bacteriophage CPS2 and its thermostable endolysin LysCPS2","volume":"10","author":"Ha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111002","article-title":"Capsular polysaccharide is a receptor of a clostridium perfringens bacteriophage CPS1","volume":"11","author":"Ha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v12101091","article-title":"Phages in anaerobic systems","volume":"12","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-417","article-title":"Annual cost of illness and quality-adjusted life year losses in the United States due to 14 foodborne pathogens","volume":"75","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040676","article-title":"The broad host range phage vB_CpeS_BG3P is able to inhibit Clostridium perfringens growth","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001921","article-title":"World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, protozoal, and viral diseases, 2010: a data synthesis","volume":"12","author":"Kirk","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0144-8","article-title":"An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens","volume":"7","author":"Kiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes and Infect."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091718","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens as foodborne pathogen in broiler production: pathophysiology and potential strategies for controlling necrotic enteritis","volume":"10","author":"La Mora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030512.Academic","article-title":"A novel phage infecting the marine photoheterotrophic bacterium Citromicrobium bathyomarinum","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.060590-0","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a new Staphylococcus epidermidis broad-spectrum bacteriophage","volume":"95","author":"Melo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. General Virology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/v10040182","article-title":"Characterization of a new Staphylococcus aureus Kayvirus harboring a lysin active against biofilms","volume":"10","author":"Melo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.10.008","article-title":"Phage therapy: going temperate?","volume":"27","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-011-1218-2","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of the podoviral bacteriophage \u03a6CP24R, which is virulent for Clostridium perfringens","volume":"157","author":"Morales","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archives Virology"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109446","article-title":"Characterization of Clostridium perfringens bacteriophages and their application in chicken meat and milk","volume":"361","author":"Noor Mohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-282","article-title":"Comparative genomics of four closely related Clostridium perfringens bacteriophages reveals variable evolution among core genes with therapeutic potential","volume":"12","author":"Oakley","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the united states-major pathogens","volume":"17","author":"Scallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baaa062","article-title":"NCBI taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools","volume":"21","author":"Schoch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02708","article-title":"Characterization of bacteriophages virulent for Clostridium perfringens and identification of phage lytic enzymes as alternatives to antibiotics for potential control of the bacterium","volume":"92","author":"Seal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0812-z","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens bacteriophages \u03a6CP39O and \u03a6CP26F-genomic organization and proteomic analysis of the virions","volume":"156","author":"Seal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archives Virology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5772\/33106","article-title":"Bacteriophages of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"3","author":"Seal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bacteriophages"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10330","DOI":"10.1021\/jf101387v","article-title":"Recombinant expression of two bacteriophage proteins that lyse Clostridium perfringens and share identical sequences in the C-terminal cell wall binding domain of the molecules but are dissimilar in their N-terminal active domains","volume":"58","author":"Simmons","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668922","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.08.06.668922","article-title":"A novel approach to Caudoviricetes taxonomy utilising whole proteome structure-structure comparison","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/.ijms24044191","article-title":"Characterization and genomic analysis of a novel lytic phage DCp1 against Clostridium perfringens biofilm","volume":"24","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01269-20","article-title":"In silico genotyping of Escherichia coli isolates for extraintestinal virulence genes by use of whole-genome sequencing data","volume":"58","author":"Tetzschner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03784-23","article-title":"Broad host range phages target global Clostridium perfringens bacterial strains and clear infection in five-strain model systems","volume":"12","author":"Thanki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109514","article-title":"Virulent phage vB _ CpeP _ HN02 inhibits Clostridium perfringens on the surface of the chicken meat","volume":"363","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1089\/phage.2021.0013","article-title":"Phage annotation guide: guidelines for assembly and high-quality annotation","volume":"2","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"PHAGE Ther. Appl. Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-022-05694-2","article-title":"Abolishment of morphology-based taxa and change to binomial species names: 2022 taxonomy update of the ICTV bacterial viruses subcommittee","volume":"168","author":"Turner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Archives Virology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e208","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00612-5","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of phage therapy in difficult-to-treat infections: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Uyttebroek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450400013162","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens in poultry: an emerging threat for animal and public health","volume":"33","author":"Van Immerseel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.11.012","article-title":"The genome sequence and proteome of bacteriophage \u03a6CPV1 virulent for Clostridium perfringens","volume":"155","author":"Volozhantsev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02768","article-title":"A novel polysaccharide depolymerase encoded by the phage SH-KP152226 confers specific activity against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae via biofilm degradation","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110330","article-title":"Oral bacteriophage therapy effectively prevent and control of Clostridium perfringens type C infections in newborn piglets","volume":"300","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106279","article-title":"Microbial pathogenesis complete genome analysis and biological characterization of a novel phage vB_CP_qdyz_P5 with lytic activity against Clostridium perfringens","volume":"183","author":"Xuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-6445(94)00079-4","article-title":"Holins: form and function in bacteriophage lysis","volume":"17","author":"Young","year":"1995","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1807000\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T04:51:37Z","timestamp":1779425497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1807000\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1807000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1807000","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"article-number":"1807000"}}