{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T06:46:55Z","timestamp":1776840415761,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>O. vulgatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>Ophioglossum vulgatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , commonly known as \u201cYi Zhi Jian\u201d) is a traditional herbal medicine and food ingredient widely used for its heat-clearing and detoxifying properties and generally considered safe. However, its potential for severe muscular toxicity, particularly rhabdomyolysis, has not been systematically reported.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case Presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective case series analysis was conducted on 10 patients admitted to the First People\u2019s Hospital of Neijiang City from 2024 to 2025 with\n                      <jats:italic>O. vulgatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      poisoning complicated by rhabdomyolysis. All patients ingested\n                      <jats:italic>O. vulgatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      for the purpose of \u201cstewing soup\u201d, with a median latency period of 7\u00a0h. The predominant symptoms were severe myalgia (100%), fatigue (50%), and paresthesia (20%). The median peak creatine kinase (CK) level was 4099\u00a0U\/L (range 2,427\u201317250\u00a0U\/L). Acute kidney injury (AKI) complicated the course in one patient (10%). All patients immediately discontinued the herbal intake and received supportive treatment including aggressive hydration and urine alkalinization. The median hospital stay was 6 days. At the last follow-up, all patients survived, with complete resolution of muscular symptoms and recovery of renal function. The causal relationship between rhabdomyolysis and\n                      <jats:italic>O. vulgatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      was assessed as \u201cprobable\u201d for all ten patients according to the WHO-UMC scale.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This is the first case series indicating an association between\n                      <jats:italic>O. vulgatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      consumption and severe rhabdomyolysis. Clinicians and the public should be aware of this risk and should avoid excessive or unconventional use. A detailed history of herbal medicine use is recommended for patients presenting with unexplained myalgia and elevated CK levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1807082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:49:10Z","timestamp":1776836950000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rhabdomyolysis associated with Ophioglossum vulgatum consumption: a case series and safety implications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Neijiang","place":["Neijiang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Neijiang","place":["Neijiang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001375","DOI":"10.12890\/2020_001375","article-title":"Tetraparesis with major hypokalaemia and rhabdomyolysis induced by chronic liquorice ingestion","volume":"7","author":"Attout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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