{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T05:06:27Z","timestamp":1779944787747,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Pseudoginsenoside-F11 (PF11), an ocotillol-type saponin unique to American ginseng (\n                    <jats:italic>Panax quinquefolius<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.), is characterized by a distinctive 20,24-epoxy bridge. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding PF11\u2019s chemical structure, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic potential. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that PF11 exerts multi-targeted neuroprotective effects in animal models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and cerebral ischemia. These neuroprotective actions are mediated through the regulation of calcium homeostasis, restoration of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, and modulation of microglial polarization. Beyond neuroprotection, PF11 offers additional beneficial effects: it protects the heart by antagonizing the \u03b21-adrenoceptor, safeguards the kidneys via inhibition of the NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 pathway, regulates metabolism as a partial PPAR\u03b3 agonist, and mitigates tolerance to morphine and methamphetamine. Despite promising preclinical evidence, PF11 remains at an early translational stage due to poor oral bioavailability, incomplete pharmacokinetic characterization, and the absence of human studies. Addressing these limitations through formulation optimization, mechanistic validation, and rigorous clinical investigation will determine whether PF11 can progress from a natural product lead to a viable therapeutic candidate.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1808278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T04:49:06Z","timestamp":1779943746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pseudoginsenoside-F11: a comprehensive review of chemical structure, pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic potential"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Drug and Food Vocational College","place":["Weihai, China"]},{"name":"Marine College, Shandong University","place":["Weihai, China"]},{"name":"Shandong AnRan Nanometer Industry Development CO., Ltd.","place":["Weihai, China"]},{"name":"Weihai (Wendeng) Authentic Ginseng Industry Development Co., Ltd.","place":["Weihai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Drug and Food Vocational College","place":["Weihai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Drug and Food Vocational College","place":["Weihai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinkun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong AnRan Nanometer Industry Development CO., Ltd.","place":["Weihai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weihai (Wendeng) Authentic Ginseng Industry Development Co., Ltd.","place":["Weihai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weihai (Wendeng) Authentic Ginseng Industry Development Co., Ltd.","place":["Weihai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong AnRan Nanometer Industry Development CO., Ltd.","place":["Weihai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine College, Shandong University","place":["Weihai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2017.0361","article-title":"Ginseng as a treatment for fatigue: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Arring","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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