{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:44:15Z","timestamp":1792601055112,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Different observational studies have analyzed the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) on the risk of ocular adverse events (AEs). The present meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of GLP-1 RAs on the risk of ocular AEs, including retinopathy, glaucoma, and non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from 2006 to 2025. Studies involving individuals diagnosed with diabetes and\/or obesity and overweight, receiving GLP-1 RAs, and evaluating outcomes related to ocular AEs were included. A random-effect meta-analysis approach was used. This study followed the PRISMA statement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 28 observational studies (6 for semaglutide and 22 for all GLP-1 RAs) involving T2DM patients were included. When compared to other antidiabetic treatments, GLP-1 RAs did not increase the risk of developing ocular disorders such as NAION (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.62\u20131.64; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 89%), glaucoma (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.71\u20131.00; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 91%), and retinopathy (new onset or progression) [(HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.85\u20131.08; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 91%) (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.83\u20131.14; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 65%)].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Even if no difference was observed between GLP-1 RAs and other antidiabetic medications for all safety outcomes evaluated, it is optimal to monitor the administration of these molecules.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420251080120<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier CRD420251080120.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1808359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T05:41:42Z","timestamp":1780378902000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ocular disorders during treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Antonietta","family":"Anatriello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental 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