{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T14:56:49Z","timestamp":1782917809109,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Central nervous system (CNS) infiltration is a severe complication of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), often leading to relapse and poor prognosis. The underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, limiting the development of effective targeted therapies. Conventional chemotherapy agents capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) carry significant toxicity and fail to eliminate leukemia stem cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using multiple clinical cohorts, we established prognostic prediction model for AML. Using knockdown and overexpression experiments in a mouse leukemia CNS infiltration model, the role of risk factor gene in CNS infiltration was evaluated, along with the attenuating effect of its downstream proteins drug inhibition on leukemia CNS infiltration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identify Lactoferrin (LTF) as a risk factor associated with poor AML prognosis using a machine learning\u2013based prognostic model. Through\n                      <jats:italic>LTF<\/jats:italic>\n                      knockdown and overexpression in a mouse leukemia model, we demonstrate its pivotal role in CNS invasion. Mechanistically, neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) act as downstream effectors of LTF, and pharmacological inhibition with Brensocatib effectively blocks AML cell entry into the brain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings establish LTF as a mediator of CNS infiltration in AML and highlight NSP inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1813396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T14:32:38Z","timestamp":1782916358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LTF promotes central nervous system leukemia progression via neutrophil serine 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