{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:01:51Z","timestamp":1790773311918,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by dysregulated cross-talk between macrophages and keratinocytes, resulting in excessive cytokine signaling and impaired epidermal barrier function. Traditional Jaungo has long been used as a topical remedy for inflammatory skin disorders, and its core herbal components exhibit well-documented anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective properties. This study aimed to develop a Jaungo-based herbal complex (JBHC) and evaluate its effects on macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses and keratinocyte barrier dysfunction under psoriasis-like conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Publicly available transcriptomic datasets were analyzed to identify inflammatory and barrier-related gene expression patterns in psoriatic lesions. The anti-inflammatory effects of JBHC were assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages by analyzing the expression of inflammatory mediators and signaling pathways. To evaluate macrophage\u2013keratinocyte cross-talk, conditioned media from activated macrophages, with or without JBHC treatment, were applied to keratinocytes, followed by analysis of epidermal barrier gene expression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transcriptomic analyses revealed consistent upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, accompanied by significant suppression of key epidermal barrier genes in psoriatic lesions. JBHC markedly attenuated LPS-induced inflammatory signaling in RAW264.7 macrophages by downregulating NOS2, PTGS2, and multiple cytokine genes, while selectively modulating STAT1\/STAT3 activation. Conditioned media from activated macrophages significantly suppressed the expression of filaggrin (FLG) and loricrin (LOR) in keratinocytes; however, conditioned media from JBHC-treated macrophages effectively mitigated this barrier gene suppression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>JBHC modulates macrophage-mediated inflammatory pathways and protects keratinocyte barrier gene expression under psoriasis-like inflammatory conditions. These findings suggest that JBHC has potential as a functional herbal complex targeting the macrophage\u2013keratinocyte inflammatory axis in chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1819017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:48:47Z","timestamp":1783403327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Jaungo-based herbal complex regulates psoriasis-associated macrophage\u2013keratinocyte inflammatory axis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ji-A","family":"Byeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cosmeceutical Science, Kyungsung University","place":["Busan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Kyu","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Bi","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ischemic\/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Jin","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cosmeceutical Science, Kyungsung University","place":["Busan, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Cosmetic Science, Kyungsung University","place":["Busan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2018.07.007","article-title":"Exploring the efficacy and safety of topical jaungo application in patients with atopic dermatitis: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"40","author":"Ahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4006","article-title":"Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of psoriasis: a review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X16500014","article-title":"Astragalus membranaceus: a review of its protection against inflammation and gastrointestinal cancers","volume":"44","author":"Auyeung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01452-1","article-title":"Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01655-6","article-title":"Signaling pathways and targeted therapies for psoriasis","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2011.01412.x","article-title":"IL-17 downregulates filaggrin and affects keratinocyte expression of genes associated with cellular adhesion","volume":"21","author":"Gutowska-Owsiak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.5483\/bmbrep.2008.41.4.328","article-title":"Suppressive effects of Lithospermum erythrorhizon extracts on lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of AP-1 and NF-kappaB via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in mouse macrophage cells","volume":"41","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40538-021-00214-x","article-title":"Recent progress in the research of (oliv.) diels polysaccharides: extraction, purification, structure and bioactivities","volume":"8","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.89180","article-title":"Keratinocyte-to-macrophage communication exacerbate psoriasiform dermatitis via LRG1-enriched extracellular vesicles","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286344","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1286344","article-title":"Crosstalk: keratinocytes and immune cells in psoriasis","volume":"14","author":"Kamata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.24","article-title":"TNF-Alpha downregulates filaggrin and loricrin through c-Jun N-terminal kinase: role for TNF-Alpha antagonists to improve skin barrier","volume":"131","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101163","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of koreanaside A, a lignan isolated from the flower of Forsythia koreana, against LPS-induced macrophage activation and DSS-induced colitis mice: the crucial role of AP-1, NF-kappaB, and JAK\/STAT signaling","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216668","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1216668","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of jaungo, a traditional herbal ointment, and a water-in-oil type non-steroidal moisturizer for radiation-induced dermatitis in patients with breast cancer: a prospective, randomized, single-blind, pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2410022","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2410.10022","article-title":"Exosome-like vesicles from Lithospermum erythrorhizon callus enhanced wound healing by reducing LPS-induced inflammation","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.12925\/jkocs.2026.43.1.15","article-title":"Evaluation of cosmetic functional ingredients from traditional Jaungo-Based extracts of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Angelica gigas, and Astragalus membranaceus","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Korean Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114493","article-title":"Chamaecyparis obtusa (siebold and zucc.) endl. Leaf extracts prevent inflammatory responses via inhibition of the JAK\/STAT axis in RAW264.7 cells","volume":"282","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116598","article-title":"Pharmacological anti-tumor effects of natural Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold and zucc.) endl. Leaf extracts on breast cancer","volume":"313","author":"Kwon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10990","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9025713","article-title":"Rosmanol potently inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression through downregulating MAPK, NF-kappaB, STAT3 and C\/EBP signaling pathways","volume":"57","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1691\/ph.2018.8633","article-title":"Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of total flavonoids of astragalus by regulating NF-KappaB and MAPK signalling pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521743","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1521743","article-title":"Ergothioneine attenuates psoriasis symptoms through modulation of M1\/M2 macrophage polarisation via the NF-kappaB\/JAK-STAT3 pathway","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041723","article-title":"Centipeda minima extract inhibits inflammation and cell proliferation by regulating JAK\/STAT signaling in macrophages and keratinocytes","volume":"28","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936167","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.936167","article-title":"Role of metabolic reprogramming in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion from LPS or silica-activated macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Marrocco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07201","article-title":"Origin and physiological roles of inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5306","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105306","article-title":"Macrophage functions in psoriasis: lessons from mouse models","volume":"25","author":"Nazimek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093209","article-title":"Lithospermum erythrorhizon alleviates atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions by restoring immune balance and skin barrier function in 2.4-Dinitrochlorobenzene-Induced NC\/Nga mice","volume":"13","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10841","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910841","article-title":"Skin barrier dysregulation in psoriasis","volume":"22","author":"Orsmond","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.09.012","article-title":"IL-6R\/Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling in keratinocytes rather than in T cells induces psoriasis-like dermatitis in mice","volume":"142","author":"Ravipati","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.1846","article-title":"Effects of natural phytochemicals in Angelica sinensis (danggui) on Nrf2-mediated gene expression of phase II drug metabolizing enzymes and anti-inflammation","volume":"34","author":"Saw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biopharm. Drug Dispos."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-024-08991-7","article-title":"The immunology of psoriasis-current concepts in pathogenesis","volume":"66","author":"Sieminska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27179","article-title":"Pathogenic role for skin macrophages in a mouse model of keratinocyte-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation","volume":"116","author":"Stratis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-022-03800-0","article-title":"In vitro and in silico analysis of 'Taikong blue' lavender essential oil in LPS-Induced HaCaT cells and RAW264.7 murine macrophages","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med. Ther."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3633","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.3633","article-title":"Shikonin potentiates skin wound healing in sprague-dawley rats by stimulating fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gene Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.031","article-title":"Polysaccharide from Angelica sinensis protects chondrocytes from H2O2-induced apoptosis through its antioxidant effects in vitro","volume":"87","author":"Zhuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1971066","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1819017\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:42:47Z","timestamp":1790772167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1819017\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1819017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1819017","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"article-number":"1819017"}}