{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T04:48:08Z","timestamp":1782362888071,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Microplastic (MP) contamination is an emerging environmental threat with potential adverse effects on oxidative stress, immune function, and inflammatory homeostasis. This study investigated the oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory, and immunotoxic effects of polystyrene microplastics (PMPs) and evaluated the protective role of the nutraceutical taurine (TN) in male Swiss mice following 60\u00a0days of oral exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mice were assigned to four groups: control, PMPs (10\u00a0mg\/kg b.wt.), TN-treated (200\u00a0mg\/kg b.wt.), and PMPs + TN. Hematological parameters and serum immune markers, including immunoglobulins G and M (IgG and IgM), complement component 3 (C3), and nitric oxide (NO), were assessed. Splenic tissue was analyzed for oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD); pro-inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB); apoptotic markers, including caspase-3 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2); and immune-regulatory genes, including cluster of differentiation 4 and 8 (CD4 and CD8). Histopathology (hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;amp;E) and periodic acid\u2013Schiff (PAS) staining) and immunohistochemistry for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and caspase-3 were performed to evaluate structural alterations and inflammatory\/apoptotic signaling in the spleen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PMPs exposure induced significant hematological disturbances, systemic inflammation, immune alterations, and elevated NO levels. In splenic tissue, PMPs caused oxidative stress and inflammation, evidenced by increased MDA, and TNF-\u03b1 levels and reduced CAT and SOD activities. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed structural splenic damage with enhanced Caspase-3 and COX-2 expression, indicating elevated apoptosis and inflammatory signaling. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, NF-\u03baB, and Caspase-3, and CD8, wheras BCL-2 and CD4 were significantly downregulated. Taurine supplementation effectively mitigated PMPs-induced effects by restoring hematological, alleviating immune alterations, enhancing antioxidant defenses, reducing inflammatory and apoptotic markers, and improving gene expression profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrated that TN exerts protective effects against PMPs-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and immune-related alterations in splenic tissue. TN partially attenuated PMPs-induced immunotoxic and histopathological changes in this experimental mouse model, although further mechanistic, dose-response, and functional immune studies are required to confirm its potential therapeutic or nutraceutical applications against PMPs -induced toxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1820042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T04:22:28Z","timestamp":1782361348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Taurine attenuates polystyrene microplastic\u2013associated oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic changes in the spleen of mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lujin A.","family":"Essa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawan","family":"Altalhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nouf M.","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amany","family":"Abdel-Rahman Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal E.","family":"Alosaimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed E.","family":"Noreldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University","place":["Damanhour, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarek","family":"Khamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman K.","family":"Rashwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Al-Azhar University","place":["Assiut, Egypt"]},{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Jouf University","place":["Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmina M.","family":"Abd-Elhakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072797","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1072797","article-title":"Hemotoxic effects of polyethylene microplastics on mice","volume":"14","author":"Abdel-Zaher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. 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