{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T19:16:14Z","timestamp":1788894974046,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baicalin shows potent vasculoprotective effects against hypertension despite poor oral bioavailability. We investigated whether gut microbiota modulation contributes to the systemic vasculoprotective effects of orally administered baicalin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We utilized an Angiotensin II-induced hypertensive mouse model, employing broad-spectrum antibiotics, 16S rRNA sequencing, metabolomics, and\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      co-culture assays to map the gut-immune-vascular axis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oral Baicalin significantly attenuated Ang II-induced blood pressure elevation and improved the intestinal barrier integrity. Antibiotic-induced microbiota depletion substantially weakened these protective effects, supporting a major microbiota contribution under the present experimental conditions. Baicalin reshaped the gut microbial community, enriched SCFA-supporting taxa, and restored a putative butyrate-associated microbial signature, enriching\n                      <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      accompanied by increased cecal butyrate levels. Exogenous sodium butyrate recapitulated several major protective features of Baicalin treatment, including expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. These immune changes were accompanied by increased Foxp3+ regulatory immune-cell accumulation in the aortic adventitia.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , butyrate-licensed Tregs suppressed Ang II-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferative responses, at least partly through IL-10-mediated inhibition of MAPK\/ERK signalling.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baicalin alleviates Ang II-associated vascular remodelling, at least in part, by reprogramming gut microbial ecology, increasing luminal butyrate availability, promoting regulatory immune responses, and suppressing VSMC proliferative signalling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1835174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T04:21:02Z","timestamp":1783052462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gut microbiota-derived butyrate contributes to baicalin-induced attenuation of hypertensive vascular remodeling via adventitial immunity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qiurong","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research and Teaching, Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]},{"name":"Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Fuzhou, 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