{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:00:38Z","timestamp":1781071238077,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle to targeted drug delivery for central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Although liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles have improved brain drug delivery, limitations remain in BBB targeting, long-term biocompatibility, and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      clearance. Exosomes are endogenous nanoscale extracellular vesicles with favourable biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and BBB-crossing potential. Therefore, this bibliometric study summarises the current research status, future research trends, and challenges in the more specific field of exosome-mediated BBB drug delivery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive search was conducted across the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), PubMed, and Embase databases for relevant English-language literature on exosome-mediated drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier from 2015 to 2025. WoSCC served as the primary source for bibliometric analysis. PubMed and Embase databases were used for supplementary validation. Software such as VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and R-bibliometrix was employed for literature visualisation analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 1,365 relevant articles from the WoSCC database, and the annual publication volume showed a steady upward trend. China and the United States significantly lead in both the number of publications and the number of core contributing institutions in this field. Co-occurrence analysis of keywords showed that research hotspots are mainly focused on exosomes, the blood-brain barrier, drug delivery, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PubMed and Embase were used as supplementary validation databases, including 1,089 and 1,517 records, respectively. Their annual publication trends, major countries\/regions, core journals, and keywords\/themes were generally consistent with WoSCC, supporting the macro-level stability of the bibliometric findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unlike previous bibliometric analyses that mainly focused on overall trends in CNS exosome research, this study focuses specifically on the direction of exosome-mediated drug delivery across the BBB. The findings show a shift from basic vesicle characterisation toward engineered delivery systems, CNS disease applications, and translational evaluation. Mammalian-derived exosomes remain dominant, while plant-derived vesicles, AI-assisted design, biomimetic hybrid nanovesicles, and gut\u2013brain axis strategies are emerging areas of focus. Future research should prioritise systematic platform comparisons, standardised evaluation, quality control, scalable production, long-term safety, and regulatory pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1835883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:21:05Z","timestamp":1781068865000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global research trends and hotspots of exosome-mediated drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier: a bibliometric study from 2015 to 2025"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Yunnan Normal University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Yunnan Normal University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingxiao","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Yunnan Normal University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Yunnan Normal University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hezhi","family":"Sai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Yunnan Normal University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Kunming Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Kunming Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qigang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Kunming Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-013-9608-0","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier structure and function and the challenges for CNS drug delivery","volume":"36","author":"Abbott","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.07.030","article-title":"Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"37","author":"Abbott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040571","article-title":"Insights into exosome transport through the blood-brain barrier and the potential therapeutical applications in brain diseases","volume":"16","author":"Abdelsalam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm. (Basel)"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Public safety alert due to marketing of unapproved stem cell and exosome products\n          \n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/58494","article-title":"Comparing bibliometric analysis using PubMed, scopus, and web of science databases","author":"Alryalat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1807","article-title":"Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes","volume":"29","author":"Alvarez-Erviti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2018.12.014","article-title":"Transcytosis at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"57","author":"Ayloo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2015.21","article-title":"From blood-brain barrier to blood-brain interface: new opportunities for CNS drug delivery","volume":"15","author":"Banks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.07.030","article-title":"Using exosomes, naturally-equipped nanocarriers, for drug delivery","volume":"219","author":"Batrakova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00392","article-title":"You shall not pass-tight junctions of the blood brain barrier","volume":"8","author":"Bauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14667","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314667","article-title":"Regulation of P-Glycoprotein in the brain","volume":"23","author":"Chai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032710","article-title":"Experimental models of in vitro blood-brain barrier for CNS drug delivery: an evolutionary perspective","volume":"24","author":"Chaulagain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c01227","article-title":"The tumor-derived exosomes enhanced bevacizumab across the blood-brain barrier for antiangiogenesis therapy against glioblastoma","volume":"22","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"Focused ultrasound and exosomes to treat depression, anxiety, and dementias (NCT04202770)\n          \n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"The safety and the efficacy evaluation of allogenic adipose MSC-Exos in patients with alzheimer's disease (NCT04388982)\n          \n          \n          2020"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c10219","article-title":"Immune exosomes loading self-assembled nanomicelles traverse the blood-brain barrier for chemo-immunotherapy against glioblastoma","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00901","article-title":"Exosome as a novel shuttle for delivery of therapeutics across biological barriers","volume":"16","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.01.025","article-title":"Mitochondria-containing extracellular vesicles (EV) reduce mouse brain infarct sizes and EV\/HSP27 protect ischemic brain endothelial cultures","volume":"354","author":"Dave","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.21254","article-title":"Current strategies for brain drug delivery","volume":"8","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44302","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.44302","article-title":"Advances and opportunities in nanoparticle drug delivery for central nervous system disorders: a review of current advances","volume":"15","author":"Ekhator","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(19)30411-9","article-title":"The global burden of neurological disorders: translating evidence into policy","volume":"19","author":"Feigin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2407793","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202407793","article-title":"Toward the integration of machine learning and molecular modeling for designing drug delivery nanocarriers","volume":"36","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadv2647","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adv2647","article-title":"Padlock-designed MOFs triggers an \u201cavalanche effect\u201d to enhance apoptosis and suppress metastasis in central nervous system lymphoma","volume":"11","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1138017","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2015.1138017","article-title":"Tight junction modulation of the blood brain barrier: CNS delivery of small molecules","volume":"4","author":"Greene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2016.02.001","article-title":"Exosomes as therapeutic drug carriers and delivery vehicles across biological membranes: current perspectives and future challenges","volume":"6","author":"Ha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122024","article-title":"Modulation of the blood-brain barrier for drug delivery to brain","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.03.033","article-title":"Exosomes as drug delivery vehicles for parkinson's disease therapy","volume":"207","author":"Haney","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.116","article-title":"Lepidium meyenii walp (Maca)-derived extracellular vesicles ameliorate depression by promoting 5-HT synthesis via the modulation of gut-brain axis","volume":"2","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02005-y","article-title":"Exosome-sheathed ROS-responsive nanogel to improve targeted therapy in perimenopausal depression","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.12.054","article-title":"Nanotechnology for enhanced nose-to-brain drug delivery in treating neurological diseases","volume":"366","author":"Huang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.04.010","article-title":"Intranasal administration of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell exosomes alleviates parkinson's disease","volume":"549","author":"Huang","year":"","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70198","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70198","article-title":"Nose-to-Brain delivery of Chlorella vulgaris extracellular vesicles for antidepressant effects","volume":"14","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2014.04.005","article-title":"A comprehensive overview of exosomes as drug delivery vehicles - endogenous nanocarriers for targeted cancer therapy","volume":"1846","author":"Johnsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12085","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12085","article-title":"Biodistribution of extracellular vesicles following administration into animals: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1039\/d5bm01080b","article-title":"Engineering microglial exosome-mediated microRNA-124-3p delivery for alzheimer's disease combinational therapy","volume":"14","author":"Ke","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02006-x","article-title":"Anti-glioma effect of ginseng-derived exosomes-like nanoparticles by active blood-brain-barrier penetration and tumor microenvironment modulation","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4582","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c14675","article-title":"Engineered extracellular vesicles modified by Angiopep-2 peptide promote targeted repair of spinal cord injury and brain inflammation","volume":"19","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2103222","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202103222","article-title":"Exosome processing and characterization approaches for research and technology development","volume":"9","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004942","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202004942","article-title":"Coating of a novel antimicrobial nanoparticle with a macrophage membrane for the selective entry into infected macrophages and killing of intracellular staphylococci","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.111455","article-title":"Cell penetrating peptide modified M2 macrophage derived exosomes treat spinal cord injury and rheumatoid arthritis by loading curcumin","volume":"225","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. and Des."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01761-0","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived exosomes enriched with miR-873a-5p inhibit neuroinflammation via microglia phenotype modulation after traumatic brain injury","volume":"17","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.066","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis: from motility to mood","volume":"160","author":"Margolis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03352-8","article-title":"Exosome-powered neuropharmaceutics: unlocking the blood-brain barrier for next-gen therapies","volume":"23","author":"Mehdizadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572771","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1572771","article-title":"Intranasal administration of ganoderma lucidum-derived exosome-like nanovesicles ameliorates cognitive impairment by reducing inflammation in a mouse model of alzheimer's disease","volume":"16","author":"Mi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04573-2","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of DPSC-Derived small extracellular vesicles-encased phloroglucinol attenuates non-motor and motor deficits and promotes neurogenesis in an in vivo rat model of parkinson's disease","volume":"16","author":"Mondal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13853","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b04397","article-title":"Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles breach the intact blood-brain barrier via transcytosis","volume":"13","author":"Morad","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v3.24641","article-title":"Routes and mechanisms of extracellular vesicle uptake","volume":"3","author":"Mulcahy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17091169","article-title":"Cracking the blood-brain barrier code: rational nanomaterial design for next-generation neurological therapies","volume":"17","author":"N\u00e1jera-Maldonado","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.4155\/tde.11.65","article-title":"Decreased blood-brain barrier expression of P-glycoprotein in alzheimer's disease: impact on pathogenesis and brain access of therapeutic agents","volume":"2","author":"Nicolazzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c04753","article-title":"A biomimetic drug delivery system by integrating grapefruit extracellular vesicles and doxorubicin-loaded heparin-based nanoparticles for glioma therapy","volume":"21","author":"Niu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104701","article-title":"AI-driven innovations in smart multifunctional nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery: a mini-review","volume":"210","author":"Noury","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02215-x","article-title":"Increasing toll-like receptor 2 on astrocytes induced by schwann cell-derived exosomes promotes recovery by inhibiting CSPGs deposition after spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2019.11.009","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier: physiology and strategies for drug delivery","author":"Pandit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(24)00476-9","article-title":"Crossing the blood-brain barrier: emerging therapeutic strategies for neurological disease","volume":"24","author":"Pedder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2575","article-title":"Concise review: MSC-derived exosomes for cell-free therapy","volume":"35","author":"Phinney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121949","article-title":"Exosomes based strategies for brain drug delivery","volume":"293","author":"Rehman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12860","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312860","article-title":"Functional recovery caused by human adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles administered 24 h after stroke in rats","volume":"22","author":"Rohden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70018","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70018","article-title":"Dopamine-conjugated extracellular vesicles induce autophagy in parkinson's disease","volume":"13","author":"Sul","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101443","article-title":"Brain-targeting drug delivery systems: the state of the art in treatment of glioblastoma","volume":"30","author":"Sun","year":"","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5873","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.S506793","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of BACE1 siRNA and berberine via engineered stem cell exosomes for the treatment of alzheimer's disease","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15491","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c16161","article-title":"Brain targeting bacterial extracellular vesicles enhance ischemic stroke therapy via efficient ROS elimination and suppression of immune infiltration","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00139-y","article-title":"Strategies for delivering therapeutics across the blood-brain barrier","volume":"20","author":"Terstappen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.124.269322","article-title":"Imaging the activity of efflux transporters at the blood-brain barrier in neurologic diseases: radiotracer selection criteria","volume":"66","author":"Tournier","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13294","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713294","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolome and dysbiosis in neurodegenerative diseases: psychobiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation as a therapeutic Approach-A comprehensive narrative review","volume":"24","author":"Uceda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071916","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in pharmaceutical technology and drug delivery design","volume":"15","author":"Vora","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120784","article-title":"Inflammatory tumor microenvironment responsive neutrophil exosomes-based drug delivery system for targeted glioma therapy","volume":"273","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.121.035821","article-title":"Postischemic neuroprotection associated with anti-inflammatory effects by mesenchymal stromal cell-derived small extracellular vesicles in aged mice","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.12.029","article-title":"Biomimetic nanoparticles directly remodel immunosuppressive microenvironment for boosting glioblastoma immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13904","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13904","article-title":"Regulation of exosomes as biologic medicines: regulatory challenges faced in exosome development and manufacturing processes","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.11.033","article-title":"Targeted delivery of hybrid nanovesicles for enhanced brain penetration to achieve synergistic therapy of glioma","volume":"365","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): from basic to advanced approaches","volume":"13","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26316","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.26316","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle in vivo biodistribution is determined by cell source, route of administration and targeting","volume":"4","author":"Wiklander","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01481-w","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier: structure, regulation, and drug delivery","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2501193","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2501193","article-title":"The gut-brain axis in alzheimer's disease is shaped by commensal gut microbiota derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"17","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.152","article-title":"Systemic administration of exosomes released from mesenchymal stromal cells promote functional recovery and neurovascular plasticity after stroke in rats","volume":"33","author":"Xin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17081041","article-title":"Overcoming the blood-brain barrier: advanced strategies in targeted drug delivery for neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-014-1593-y","article-title":"Exosome delivered anticancer drugs across the blood-brain barrier for brain cancer therapy in Danio rerio","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12185","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12185","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-mediated delivery of circDYM alleviates CUS-induced depressive-like behaviours","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644633","DOI":"10.3389\/fddev.2025.1644633","article-title":"Strategies for delivering drugs across the blood-brain barrier for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123510","article-title":"Engineered exosomes for targeted microRNA delivery to reverse liver fibrosis","volume":"324","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabm8011","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm8011","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier-penetrating single CRISPR-Cas9 nanocapsules for effective and safe glioblastoma gene therapy","volume":"8","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1835883\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:21:07Z","timestamp":1781068867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1835883\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2026.1835883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1835883","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"article-number":"1835883"}}