{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:21:07Z","timestamp":1787934067830,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Mitragyna speciosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a deciduous evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia. The term \u201ckratom\u201d is commonly used to refer to both the tree and its leaves, which have a long history of use as a restorative to provide energy, focus and relief of minor aches and pains associated with physical exertion. Consumption of kratom leaves, either chewed or prepared as a tea or decoction, continues in Southeast Asia to this day. Similar to Southeast Asia, U.S. consumers report taking kratom to alleviate pain, increase energy, and improve negative mood states. We have evaluated the real-world effectiveness of a full-spectrum proprietary kratom extract at doses aligned with traditional ethnopharmacological use, specifically for effects that match the traditional profile of stimulating and focusing effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study represents a secondary analysis of data collected during a real-world, longitudinal observational study of adult U.S. participants using a kratom product composed of proprietary full spectrum leaf extract, designed to mimic a traditional kratom tea. Phytochemical equivalence to traditional preparations was established by comparing the alkaloid profile and presence of plant phenylpropanoids. Participants completed daily structured surveys over a 21-day period. Linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate within-subject changes across baseline, week 1, and week 2 periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chemical analyses confirmed that the presence and relative ratios of alkaloids were comparable to those found in traditional kratom tea, supporting the extract as a standardized representation of traditional decoctions. At the 20\u00a0mg mitragynine-equivalent dose, participants showed statistically significant improvements in focus, problem solving, mental clarity, and energy (p &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A kratom product formulated to be dose-aligned with a traditional kratom tea serving is associated with stimulant-like benefits, increasing energy and focus. This effects profile implies that the pharmacological activity at this dose likely reflects non-opioid receptor mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1838148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:25:37Z","timestamp":1787930737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Observational real-world analysis of dose-dependent effects of Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) on focus and energy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"C. Miyabe","family":"Shields","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Network of Applied Pharmacognosy","place":["Whitefield, NH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riley","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network of Applied Pharmacognosy","place":["Whitefield, NH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Health and Food Products Research Group, Centre for Applied Research and Innovation, BC Institute of Technology","place":["Burnaby, BC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"Lehfeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Health and Food Products Research Group, Centre for Applied Research and Innovation, BC Institute of Technology","place":["Burnaby, BC, Canada"]},{"name":"Scientific Association for Botanical Education and Research","place":["Cleveland, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula N.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Health and Food Products Research Group, Centre for Applied Research and Innovation, BC Institute of Technology","place":["Burnaby, BC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.2174\/156802611795371305","article-title":"Mitragyna speciosa, a psychoactive tree from southeast Asia with opioid activity","volume":"11","author":"Adkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. 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