{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:08:37Z","timestamp":1792120117824,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020950","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC114-2320-B-039-035-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC114-2320-B-039-035-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020950","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC114-2320-B-039-036-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC114-2320-B-039-036-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Clove (\n                      <jats:italic>Syzygium aromaticum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is traditionally used for inflammatory skin disorders; however, its specific molecular mechanisms in psoriasis remain poorly defined. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of clove extract and its major component, eugenol, and to identify their molecular targets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced mouse model to assess the effects of oral clove extract and eugenol. Proteomic alterations were identified via isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and bioinformatics. The specific interaction with the interleukin-17A (IL-17A)\/IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) interface was validated through competitive binding assays and molecular docking, with further confirmation via immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eugenol was identified as the major constituent of clove extract (65.8%). Clove extract and eugenol significantly alleviated psoriasiform lesions, reducing scaling scores and epidermal thickness. Proteomic analysis revealed that both treatments reversed IMQ-induced inflammatory signatures by modulating the interleukin-36 (IL-36) and IL-17 signaling pathways, specifically increasing IL-36 receptor antagonist expression while suppressing IL-36 levels.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      assays demonstrated that both treatments inhibited IL-17A\u2013IL-17RA binding in a dose-dependent manner, supported by molecular docking indicating potential interactions between eugenol and IL-17A residues. Immunohistochemical analysis further confirmed reduced nuclear factor-\u03baB (NF-\u03baB) activation, decreased IL-17A expression, and diminished CD11b\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      granulocyte infiltration in psoriatic skin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clove extract and its major bioactive constituent eugenol exert significant anti-psoriatic effects through coordinated modulation of the IL-36\/IL-17A inflammatory axis and suppression of NF-\u03baB signaling. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the traditional use of clove in inflammatory skin disorders and highlight eugenol as a key bioactive mediator with potential as a complementary therapeutic strategy for psoriasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1839501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T04:45:42Z","timestamp":1779770742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and its bioactive constituent eugenol alleviate psoriatic inflammation by modulating the IL-36\/IL-17A axis: a proteomic and mechanistic study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tin-Yun","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine & Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Yi","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine & Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiao-Che","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, China Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Chi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine & Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Yun","family":"Hsiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, China Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4006","article-title":"Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of psoriasis: a review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020202","article-title":"Syzygium aromaticum L. 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